Malaria vaccine development and its importance in travel medicine
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/dcj.2019.21Keywords:
malaria, vaccine, developmentAbstract
Traveling has become increasingly more popular, which can be seen from the number of international tourists having more than doubled worldwide in the past two decades. Travel-related illness is unavoidable, forcing travelers to deal with the sickness after their journey. Considering preventive approach, travel medicine plays an important role for disease control as well as illness prevention in travelers. Among travel-related diseases, malaria is one of the most common problems in many tourist destinations, especially sub-Saharan Africa, where travelers could get malaria infection even in the city. According to the World Malaria Report, in 2016, there were 216 million cases of malaria from 91 countries worldwide, and approximately 90.0% got infected from Africa. From this figure, the estimated number of malaria deaths was around 445,000. Travel medicine physicians normally give advice for those travelers traveling to malaria endemic areas to prevent themselves from mosquito bite, and prescribe chemoprophylactic antimalarial drugs for some travelers, after careful consideration and discussion about risks and benefits of taking the medications. Even though chemoprophylactic antimalarial drugs have some degrees of protection against malaria, their drawbacks are inconvenience for continuing antimalarial pill before, during, and after leaving the malaria risk areas for 1-4 weeks, and their adverse effects toward some travelers. Malaria vaccine is an alternative choice towards malaria prevention. There have been many trials for malaria vaccine development since 1941. Currently, there are three types of malaria vaccine. The first type is intended to target pre-erythrocytic stage, the second one aims at erythrocytic stage, and the last one targets sexual or gametophyte stage. Regarding malaria vaccine implementation, the most advanced vaccine is currently in clinical trial phase III, which provides limited immunity against malaria, and currently not available in the market. Therefore, it is a challenge to apply holistic knowledge and new technology for an effective antimalarial vaccine development.
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