A Review on the Mechanism of Oxidative Stress-Induction in the Liver by Xenobiotics
Article Sidebar
Main Article Content
Abstract
Oxidative stress results from an imbalance between antioxidant and free radical oxidants, especially reactive oxygen species (ROS). ROS are highly reactive molecules that can be generated by endogenous and exogenous factors. Liver is the target organ for ROS generation because it mainly exposes to various substances in metabolism and biotransformation to result in ROS production. Thus, xenobiotic exposure is the most external factor which causes ROS formation. The understanding of oxidative stress mechanism is essential in order to support the notion that ROS relate with illnesses. Ethanol, sodium selenite, and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (TBHP) are commonly used as oxidative stressors. The previous studies revealed the potentials of these compounds to induce oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo. The oxidative stress-mechanism of ethanol, sodium selenite, and TBHP associate with metabolic processes in the liver. Ethanol is metabolized via alcohol dehydrogenase, cytochrome P450 2E1 (CYP2E1), and catalase to produce ROS and acetaldehyde. Superoxide anion is produced by the metabolism of sodium selenite via glutathione system while the metabolism of TBHP via CYP2E1 and glutathione peroxidase–glutathione reductase system generates peroxyl and alkoxyl including tert-butylalcohol. Furthermore, the prior studies suggested that TBHP was a strong oxidative stressor because of using the least concentration and time for induction of oxidative stress both in vitro and in vivo studies. Therefore, the knowledge of oxidative stress mechanism and specific properties of compounds for ROS generation are worth for development of an appropriate oxidative stress model for a study on the impact of an antioxidant to investigate its effect on the mechanism behind oxidative stress.
Article Details
In the case that some parts are used by others The author must Confirm that obtaining permission to use some of the original authors. And must attach evidence That the permission has been included
References
Alia M, Ramos S, Mateos R, Bravo L, Goya L. Response of the antioxidant defense system to tert-butyl hydroperoxide and hydrogen peroxide in a human hepatoma cell line (HepG2). J Biochem Mol Toxicol 2005; 19(2): 119-128.
Alia M, Ramos S, Mateos R, Granado-Serrano AB, Bravo L, Goya L. Quercetin protects
human hepatoma HepG2 against oxidative stress induced by tert-butyl hydroperoxide.
Tox App Pharm 2006; 212: 110-118.
Bansal S, Liu CP, Sepuri NBV, et al. Mitochondria-targeted cytochrome P450 2E1 induces oxidative damage and augments alcohol-mediated oxidative stress. J Biol Chem 2010; 285(32): 24609-24619.
Birben E, Sahiner UM, Sackesen C, Erzurum S, Kalayci O. Oxidative stress and antioxidant defense. World Allergy Organ J 2012; 5: 9-19.
Cacciatore I, Cornacchia C, Pinnen F, Mollica A, Di Stefano A. Prodrug approach for increasing cellular glutathione levels. Molecules 2010; 15: 1242–1264.
Choi SY, Lee KJ, Kim HG, Han EH, Chung YC, Sung NJ, et al. Protective effect of the coffee diterpenes kahweol and cafestol on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative hepatotoxicity. Bull Korean Chem Soc 2006; 27(9): 1386-1392.
Cui Y, Ye Q, Wang H, Li Y, Yao W, Qian H. Hepatoprotective potential of Aloe vera polysaccharides against chronic alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. J Sci Food Agric 2014; 94: 1764-1771.
Drahota Z, Krivakova Z, Cervinkova Z, et al. Tert-butyl hydroperoxide selectively inhibits mitochondrial respiratory-chain enzymes in isolated rat hepatocytes. Physiolo Res 2005; 54(1): 67-72.
Gutierrez-Ruiz MC, Gomez-Quiroz LE, Hernandez E, Bucio L, Souza V, Llorente L, Kershenobich D. Cytokine response and oxidative stress produced by ethanol, acetaldehyde and endotoxin treatment in HepG2 cells. Isr Med Assoc J 2001; 3(2): 131-136.
Jaeschke H, Gores GJ, Cederbaum AI, Hinson JA, Pessayre D, Lemasters JJ.
Mechanisms of hepatotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2002; 65(2): 166-176.
Ji C, Deng Q, Kaplowitz. Role of TNF-α in ethanol-induced hyperhomocysteinemia and murine alcohol liver injury. Hepatology 2004; 40(2): 442-451.
Kmonickova E, Drahota Z, Kamenikova L, Cervinkova Z, Masek K, Farghali H. Modulatory effect of cyclosporin A on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced oxidative damage in hepatocytes. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2001; 23(1): 43-54.
Li J, Zuo L, Shen T, Xu CM, Zhang ZN. Induction of apoptosis by sodium selenite in human acute promyelocytic leukemia NB4 cells: involvement of oxidative stress and mitochondria. J Trace Elem Med Biol 2003; 17(1): 19-26.
Limón-Pacheco J, Gonsebatt ME. The role of antioxidants and antioxidant-related enzymes in protective responses to environmentally induced oxidative stress. Mutat Res 2009; 674(1-2): 137-147.
Lin WL, Wang CJ, Tsai YY, Liu CL, Hwang JM, Tseng TH. Inhibitory effect of esculetin on oxidative damage induced by t-butyl hydroperoxide in rat liver. Arch Toxicol 2000; 74(467-472).
Liu CL, Wang JM, Chu CY, Cheng MT, Tseng TH. In vivo protective effect of
protocatechuic acid on tert-butyl hydroperoxide-induced rat hepatotoxicity. Food Chem Toxicol 2002; 40(5): 635-641.
Nicotera P, McConkey D, Svensson SA, Bellomo G, Orrenius S. Correlation between cytosolic Ca2+ concentration and cytotoxicity in hepatocytes exposed to oxidative stress. Toxicology 1988; 14(52): 55-63.
Niki E, Yoshida Y, Saito, Noguchi N. Lipid peroxidation: mechanisms, inhibition, and biological effects. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2005; 338(1): 668-676.
Pham-Huy LA, He H, Pham-Huy C. Free radicals, antioxidant in disease and health. Int J Biomed Sci 2008; 4(2): 89-96.
Rahman T, Hosen I, Islam MMT, Shekhar HU. Oxidative stress and human health,
Adv Biosci Biotechnol 2012; 3: 997-1019.
Ray PD, Huang BW, Tsuji Y. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis and redox regulation in cellular signaling. Cell Signal 2012; 24(5): 981-990.
Shen HM, Yang CF, Liu J, Ong CN. Dual role of glutathione in selenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human hepatoma cells. Free Radic Biol Med 1999a; 28(7): 1115-1124.
Shen HM, Yang CF, Ong CN. Sodium selenite-induced oxidative stress and apoptosis in human hepatoma HepG2 cells. Int J Cancer 1999b; 81(5): 820-828.
Sid B, Verrax J, Calderon PB. Role of oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcohol-induced liver disease. Free Radic Res 2013; 47(11): 894-904.
Simeonova R, Kondeva-Burdina M, Vitcheva V, Mitcheva M. Some in vitro/in vivo chemically-induced experimental models of liver oxidative stress in rats. BioMed Res Int 2014: 1-6.
Sohn JH, Han KL, Lee SH, Hwang JK. Protective effects of panduratin A against oxidative damage of tert-butylhydroperoxide in human HepG2 cells. Biol Pharm Bull 2005; 28(6): 1083-1086.
Stewart MS, Davis RL, Walsh LP, Pence BC. Induction of differentiation and apoptosis by sodium selenite in human colonic carcinoma cells (HT29). Cancer Lett 1997; 117(1): 35-40.
Szabo ME, Gallyas E, Bak I, Rakotovao A, Boucher F, de Leiris J, et al. Heme oxygenase-1 related carbon monoxide and flavonoids in ischemic/reperfused rat retina. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2004; 45: 3727-3732.
Tang H, Sebastian BM, Axhemi A, Chen X, Hillian AD, Jacobsen DW, et al. Ethanol-induced oxidative stress via the CYP2E1 pathway disrupts adiponectin secretion from adipocytes. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36(2): 214-222.
Thompson HJ, Wilson A, Lu J, Singh M, Jiang C, Upadhyaya P, et al. Comparison of the effects of an organic and an inorganic form of selenium on a mammary carcinoma cell line. Carcinogenesis 1994; 15(2): 183-186.
Wang Y, Lam KS, Yau MH, Xu A. Post-translational modifications of adiponectin: mechanisms and functional implications. Biochem J 2008; 409: 623–633.
Xing WW, Zou MJ, Liu S, Xu T, Wang JX, Xu, DG. Interleukin-22 protects against acute alcohol-induced hepatotoxicity in mice. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2011; 75(7): 1290-1294.
Yao P, Nussler A, Liu L, Hao L, Song F, Schirmeier A, Nussler N. Quercetin protects human hepatocytes from ethanol-derived oxidative stress by inducing heme oxygenase-1 via the MAPK/Nrf2 pathways. J Hepatol 2007; 47: 253-261.
Zakhari S. Alcohol metabolism and epigenetics changes. Alcohol Res 2013; 35(1): 6-17.
Zorov DB, Juhaszova M, Sollott SJ. Mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) and ROS-induced ROS release. Physiol Rev 2014; 94(3): 909-950.