การปรับตัวและต่อรองของชุมชนผ่านโครงการลดผลกระทบจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ADAPTATION AND NEGOTIATION OF COMMUNITIES THROUGH CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROJECT IN CHIAN MAI
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.14456/jem.2018.9คำสำคัญ:
การปรับตัวและการต่อรองของชุมชน, นโยบายทวงคืนผืนป่า, แม่แจ่มโมเดล, เรดด์พลัส, เชียงใหม่บทคัดย่อ
งานวิจัยเชิงคุณภาพนี้ มุ่งศึกษาการปรับตัวและต่อรองของชุมชนเพื่อสิทธิในการ “ใช้ที่ดิน” ผ่านการจัดการทรัพยากรธรรมชาติของรัฐในโครงการลดผลกระทบจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ผู้วิจัยได้ใช้แนวคิดอำนาจของการกีดกัน เพื่ออธิบายกลไกการปกครองและควบคุมของรัฐในการจัดการทรัพยากรธรรมชาติโดยเฉพาะที่ดินและวิถีชีวิตของชุมชน โดยศึกษาผ่านกรณีศึกษา 3 ลักษณะในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ได้แก่ กรณีนโยบายทวงคืนผืนป่าบ้านเลาวู โครงการแม่แจ่มโมเดล และโครงการเรดด์พลัสบ้านเมืองอาง ดำเนินการวิจัยในช่วงเดือนมิถุนายน พ.ศ. 2560 ถึงเดือนพฤษภาคม พ.ศ. 2561 โดยเก็บรวบรวมข้อมูลด้วยเทคนิคการสังเกตการณ์แบบมีส่วนร่วมและการสัมภาษณ์เชิงลึกกับชาวบ้าน ผู้นำชุมชน องค์กรปกครองระดับท้องถิ่น หน่วยงานภาครัฐ และองค์กรพัฒนาเอกชน ผลการวิจัยพบว่า รัฐดำเนินโครงการเหล่านี้โดยใช้วาทกรรมโลกร้อนเพื่อสร้างความชอบธรรมในการจัดการทรัพยากรธรรมชาติ นโยบายทวงคืนผืนป่าที่บ้านเลาวู อำเภอเวียงแหง และโครงการแม่แจ่มโมเดลที่บ้านแม่ขี้มูก ส่งผลให้ชุมชนคืนพื้นที่ทำกินให้กับรัฐ และนำไปสู่การเปลี่ยนแปลงการใช้ที่ดิน ชาวบ้านเลิกปลูกข้าวโพดแล้วหันไปปลูกไม้ผล ทำเกษตรผสมผสานทดแทน ส่วนโครงการเรดด์พลัสที่บ้านเมืองอาง ไม่ทำให้เกิดการเปลี่ยนแปลงวิถีชีวิตของชาวบ้าน เนื่องจากชาวบ้านได้รับการพัฒนาโดยโครงการหลวงมาก่อน และมีการใช้ที่ดินอย่างยั่งยืน อย่างไรก็ตามชุมชนยังไม่รับรู้เรื่องการแบ่งปันผลประโยชน์จากโครงการเรดด์พลัส
References
1. Adams, W. M., & Hutton, J. (2007). People, parks and poverty: political ecology and biodiversity conservation. Conservation and Society, 5(2), 147-183.
2. Agrawal, A. (2010). Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
3. Baird, I. G. (2014). Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) and access and exclusion: Obstacles and opportunities in Cambodia and Laos. Southeast Asian Studies, 3(3), 643-668.
4. Benjaminsen, T. A., & Bryceson, I. (2012). Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 335-355.
5. Chiangthong, J. (2013). State, Capital, Border Merchant, Farmer, and Transborder Corn [In Thai], Chiang Mai: Wanida Press.
6. Corson, C., & MacDonald, K. I. (2012). Enclosing the global commons: the convention on biological diversity and green grabbing. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 263-283.
7. [DNP] Department of National Park. (2014). Master Plan for Forest Protection [In thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.dnp.go.th/info_protect/master plan/master plan for national forest protection.pdf
8. Devine, J. A. (2018). Community forest concessionaires: resisting green grabs and producing political subjects in Guatemala. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(3), 565-584.
9. Dwyer, M. B. (2015). The formalization fix? Land titling, land concessions and the politics of spatial transparency in Cambodia. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(5), 903-928.
10. Dwyer, M. B., & Ingalls, M. (2015). REDD+ at the Crossroads: Choices and Tradeoffs for 2015–2020 in Laos. Indonesia, Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.
11. Ferguson, J.M. (2014). The scramble for the Waste Lands: Tracking colonial legacies, counterinsurgency and international investment through the lens of land laws in Burma/Myanmar. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 35(3), 295-311.
12. Forsyth, T. & Walker, A. (2008). Forest guardians, forest destroyers: the politics of environmental knowledge in northern Thailand. Seattle, WA and London, UK: University of Washington Press.
13. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Books.
14. Green, K. E., & Adams, W. M. (2015). Green grabbing and the dynamics of local-level engagement with neoliberalization in Tanzania’s wildlife management areas. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 97-117.
15. Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Li, T. M. (2011). Powers of exclusion: land dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Singapore and Honolulu: NUS Press and University of Hawaii Press.
16. Hirsch, P. (1993). Political economy of environment in Thailand. Manila: Journal of Contemporary Asia Publishers.
17. Johnson, C., & Forsyth, T. (2002). In the eyes of the state: Negotiating a “rights-based approach” to forest conservation in Thailand. World development, 30(9), 1591-1605.
18. Khusantea, A. (2014). Global Warming Master Plan and Villagers eviction from the forest [In thai]. The Nation Weekend, 1178.
19. Leblond, J.P., & Pham, T. H. (2014). Recent forest expansion in Thailand: a methodological artifact?. Journal of Land Use Science, 9(2), 211-241.
20. Li, T.M. (1999). Transforming the Indonesian uplands. Singapore: ISEAS
21. Lukkanaworakul, R. (2015). Climate Change and REDD+[In thai], Learning set of Global warming Redd Plus and Forest Environment No. 1, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation.
22. [NDF] Northern Development Foundation, Baan Klang & Mae Om-gi communities. (2012). Mode of production in agroforestry systems, rotational farming, community forest management and climate change, and food security of small farmers in high land : the case study of Baan Klang, Mae Muae district, Lumpang and Bann Mae Om-gi, Tha Song Yang district, Tak [In thai]. Oxfam Great Britain(Thailand) and Rockefeller Foundation.
23. [NDF] Northern Development Foundation & Hauy Hin Lard community. (2012). Mode of production in afroforestry systems and community forest management and climate change, and food security of Karen community in Northern Thailand [In Thai]. Oxfam Great Britain(Thailand).
24. Office of Climate Change in the Forestry Sector. (2018). Pilot Activities for Community Development in Sustainable Forest Management and increasing Carbon Stock in the Forest [In Thai]. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from https://reddplus.dnp.go.th/pilot activity for delelop implementation/
25. Office of Policy and Planning for Natural Resources and Environmental. (2015). Master Plan for Climate Change 2015-2050 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment [In Thai]. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.onep.go.th/topics/book/master plan for climate change
26. Ojeda, D. (2012). Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 357-375.
27. Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. Pongboonjun, s. (2018). Rule by Law[InThai] Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://prachatai.com/ journal/2018/02/75535
29. Prachatai. (2018). Rule by Law and Reforestation Policy of National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2018/02/75535
30. Puan-Udom, T. (2016). Dreaming District-Mae Chaem Model Plus [In Thai]. CMUSR Magazine, 4(3), p.3.
31. Pye, O. (2005). Khor jor kor: Forest politics in Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus.
32. [RFD] Royal Forest Department. (1998). Forestry Statistics in Thailand [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://forestinfo.forest.go.th/55/Content.aspx?id=160
33. [RFD] Royal Forest Department. (2017a). Forestry Statistics in Thailand [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://forestinfo.forest.go.th/55/Content.aspx?id=10349
34. Roberts, K. (2016). It takes a rooted village: Networked resistance, connected communities, and adap- tive responses to forest tenure reform in northern Thailand. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(1), 53-68.
35. Rocheleau, D. E. (2015). Networked, rooted and territorial: Green grabbing and resistance in Chiapas. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(3-4), 695-723.
36. Royal Thai Government Gazette. (2014a). Royal Thai Government Gazette Vol. 131, Special Issue 115 d, June 20, 2014 Page 3 Order 64/2557 [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.forest.go.th/forestprotect_operation/images/stories/file/002-NCPO/001-64-2557.pdf
37. Royal Thai Government Gazette. (2014b). Royal Thai Government Gazette Vol. 131, Special Issue 120 d, June 27, 2014 Page 1 Order 66/2557 [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.forest.go.th/forestprotect_operation/images/stories/file/002-NCPO/002-66-2557.pdf
38. Santasombat, Y. (2004). Ethno-ecology, Biodiversity and Community Rights [In Thai]. Faculty of Social Sciences: Chiang Mai University.
39. Schoenberger, L., Hall, D., & Vandergeest, P. (2017). What happened when the land grab came to Southeast Asia?. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4), 697-725.
40. Sustainable Development Foundation. (2016). The Solution: “Mae-Chaem Model”, the drive cooperation,
Forest Restoration for sustainable development [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.cp-enews.com/news/details/cpcsr/1941
41. Taylor, C. (2013). The Discourses of Climate Change. In Cadman, T. (Ed.), Climate Change and Global Policy Regimes: Towards Institutional Legitimacy (pp. 17-31). Hampshire: Palgrave macmillan.
42. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. (2015). Implementation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: NAMAs [In Thai]. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from www.tgo.or.th
43. Thaipublica. (2016). Smog, Forest fire, Drought and Difficult Cases of Mae-Chaem Model [In Thai]. Retrieved July 1, 2017, from https://thaipublica.org/2016/04/smog-cp/
44. The Center for People and Forests. (2016). What is REDD+ [In Thai]. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from https://www.recoftc.org/node/16036
45. The momentum. (2018). Reforestation Policy and Authoritarian Reflection [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/policy +‘forest restoration’+and reflection+‘authoritarian’-XEM82k
46. Transborder News. (2014). Love the Forest, Don’t Forget people: the Voice from Highland People [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://transbordernews.in.th/home/?p=5828
47. Vandergeest, P. (1996). Mapping nature: Territorialization of forest rights in Thailand. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 9(2), 159-175.
48. Vandergeest, P. (2003). Racialization and citizenship in Thai forest politics. Society &Natural Resources, 16(1), 19-37.
49. Walker, A., & Farrelly, N. (2008). Northern Thailand’s Specter of Eviction. Critical Asian Studies, 40(3), 373-397.
50. Woods, K., Barney, K., & Canby, K. (2011). Baseline Study 5, Thailand: Overview of Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. Kuala Lumper: Forest Trends for FLEGT Asia Regional Programme.
2. Agrawal, A. (2010). Social Dimensions of Climate Change: Equity and Vulnerability in a Warming World. Washington, DC: The World Bank.
3. Baird, I. G. (2014). Reduced emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD) and access and exclusion: Obstacles and opportunities in Cambodia and Laos. Southeast Asian Studies, 3(3), 643-668.
4. Benjaminsen, T. A., & Bryceson, I. (2012). Conservation, green/blue grabbing and accumulation by dispossession in Tanzania. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 335-355.
5. Chiangthong, J. (2013). State, Capital, Border Merchant, Farmer, and Transborder Corn [In Thai], Chiang Mai: Wanida Press.
6. Corson, C., & MacDonald, K. I. (2012). Enclosing the global commons: the convention on biological diversity and green grabbing. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 263-283.
7. [DNP] Department of National Park. (2014). Master Plan for Forest Protection [In thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.dnp.go.th/info_protect/master plan/master plan for national forest protection.pdf
8. Devine, J. A. (2018). Community forest concessionaires: resisting green grabs and producing political subjects in Guatemala. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 45(3), 565-584.
9. Dwyer, M. B. (2015). The formalization fix? Land titling, land concessions and the politics of spatial transparency in Cambodia. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(5), 903-928.
10. Dwyer, M. B., & Ingalls, M. (2015). REDD+ at the Crossroads: Choices and Tradeoffs for 2015–2020 in Laos. Indonesia, Bogor: Center for International Forestry Research.
11. Ferguson, J.M. (2014). The scramble for the Waste Lands: Tracking colonial legacies, counterinsurgency and international investment through the lens of land laws in Burma/Myanmar. Singapore Journal of Tropical Geography, 35(3), 295-311.
12. Forsyth, T. & Walker, A. (2008). Forest guardians, forest destroyers: the politics of environmental knowledge in northern Thailand. Seattle, WA and London, UK: University of Washington Press.
13. Foucault, M. (1980). Power/knowledge: Selected interviews and other writings, 1972-1977. New York: Pantheon Books.
14. Green, K. E., & Adams, W. M. (2015). Green grabbing and the dynamics of local-level engagement with neoliberalization in Tanzania’s wildlife management areas. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(1), 97-117.
15. Hall, D., Hirsch, P., & Li, T. M. (2011). Powers of exclusion: land dilemmas in Southeast Asia. Singapore and Honolulu: NUS Press and University of Hawaii Press.
16. Hirsch, P. (1993). Political economy of environment in Thailand. Manila: Journal of Contemporary Asia Publishers.
17. Johnson, C., & Forsyth, T. (2002). In the eyes of the state: Negotiating a “rights-based approach” to forest conservation in Thailand. World development, 30(9), 1591-1605.
18. Khusantea, A. (2014). Global Warming Master Plan and Villagers eviction from the forest [In thai]. The Nation Weekend, 1178.
19. Leblond, J.P., & Pham, T. H. (2014). Recent forest expansion in Thailand: a methodological artifact?. Journal of Land Use Science, 9(2), 211-241.
20. Li, T.M. (1999). Transforming the Indonesian uplands. Singapore: ISEAS
21. Lukkanaworakul, R. (2015). Climate Change and REDD+[In thai], Learning set of Global warming Redd Plus and Forest Environment No. 1, Department of National Parks, Wildlife and Plant Conservation.
22. [NDF] Northern Development Foundation, Baan Klang & Mae Om-gi communities. (2012). Mode of production in agroforestry systems, rotational farming, community forest management and climate change, and food security of small farmers in high land : the case study of Baan Klang, Mae Muae district, Lumpang and Bann Mae Om-gi, Tha Song Yang district, Tak [In thai]. Oxfam Great Britain(Thailand) and Rockefeller Foundation.
23. [NDF] Northern Development Foundation & Hauy Hin Lard community. (2012). Mode of production in afroforestry systems and community forest management and climate change, and food security of Karen community in Northern Thailand [In Thai]. Oxfam Great Britain(Thailand).
24. Office of Climate Change in the Forestry Sector. (2018). Pilot Activities for Community Development in Sustainable Forest Management and increasing Carbon Stock in the Forest [In Thai]. Retrieved May 19, 2018, from https://reddplus.dnp.go.th/pilot activity for delelop implementation/
25. Office of Policy and Planning for Natural Resources and Environmental. (2015). Master Plan for Climate Change 2015-2050 Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment [In Thai]. Retrieved July 10, 2018, from https://www.onep.go.th/topics/book/master plan for climate change
26. Ojeda, D. (2012). Green pretexts: Ecotourism, neoliberal conservation and land grabbing in Tayrona National Natural Park, Colombia. Journal of Peasant Studies, 39(2), 357-375.
27. Peluso, N. L. (1992). Rich forests, poor people: Resource control and resistance in Java. Berkeley: University of California Press.
28. Pongboonjun, s. (2018). Rule by Law[InThai] Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://prachatai.com/ journal/2018/02/75535
29. Prachatai. (2018). Rule by Law and Reforestation Policy of National Council for Peace and Order (NCPO) [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://prachatai.com/journal/2018/02/75535
30. Puan-Udom, T. (2016). Dreaming District-Mae Chaem Model Plus [In Thai]. CMUSR Magazine, 4(3), p.3.
31. Pye, O. (2005). Khor jor kor: Forest politics in Thailand. Bangkok: White Lotus.
32. [RFD] Royal Forest Department. (1998). Forestry Statistics in Thailand [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://forestinfo.forest.go.th/55/Content.aspx?id=160
33. [RFD] Royal Forest Department. (2017a). Forestry Statistics in Thailand [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://forestinfo.forest.go.th/55/Content.aspx?id=10349
34. Roberts, K. (2016). It takes a rooted village: Networked resistance, connected communities, and adap- tive responses to forest tenure reform in northern Thailand. Austrian Journal of South-East Asian Studies, 9(1), 53-68.
35. Rocheleau, D. E. (2015). Networked, rooted and territorial: Green grabbing and resistance in Chiapas. Journal of Peasant Studies, 42(3-4), 695-723.
36. Royal Thai Government Gazette. (2014a). Royal Thai Government Gazette Vol. 131, Special Issue 115 d, June 20, 2014 Page 3 Order 64/2557 [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.forest.go.th/forestprotect_operation/images/stories/file/002-NCPO/001-64-2557.pdf
37. Royal Thai Government Gazette. (2014b). Royal Thai Government Gazette Vol. 131, Special Issue 120 d, June 27, 2014 Page 1 Order 66/2557 [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.forest.go.th/forestprotect_operation/images/stories/file/002-NCPO/002-66-2557.pdf
38. Santasombat, Y. (2004). Ethno-ecology, Biodiversity and Community Rights [In Thai]. Faculty of Social Sciences: Chiang Mai University.
39. Schoenberger, L., Hall, D., & Vandergeest, P. (2017). What happened when the land grab came to Southeast Asia?. The Journal of Peasant Studies, 44(4), 697-725.
40. Sustainable Development Foundation. (2016). The Solution: “Mae-Chaem Model”, the drive cooperation,
Forest Restoration for sustainable development [In Thai]. Retrieved August 22, 2018, from https://www.cp-enews.com/news/details/cpcsr/1941
41. Taylor, C. (2013). The Discourses of Climate Change. In Cadman, T. (Ed.), Climate Change and Global Policy Regimes: Towards Institutional Legitimacy (pp. 17-31). Hampshire: Palgrave macmillan.
42. Thailand Greenhouse Gas Management Organization. (2015). Implementation of Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions: NAMAs [In Thai]. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from www.tgo.or.th
43. Thaipublica. (2016). Smog, Forest fire, Drought and Difficult Cases of Mae-Chaem Model [In Thai]. Retrieved July 1, 2017, from https://thaipublica.org/2016/04/smog-cp/
44. The Center for People and Forests. (2016). What is REDD+ [In Thai]. Retrieved June 15, 2017, from https://www.recoftc.org/node/16036
45. The momentum. (2018). Reforestation Policy and Authoritarian Reflection [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://today.line.me/th/pc/article/policy +‘forest restoration’+and reflection+‘authoritarian’-XEM82k
46. Transborder News. (2014). Love the Forest, Don’t Forget people: the Voice from Highland People [In Thai]. Retrieved May 10, 2018, from https://transbordernews.in.th/home/?p=5828
47. Vandergeest, P. (1996). Mapping nature: Territorialization of forest rights in Thailand. Society & Natural Resources: An International Journal, 9(2), 159-175.
48. Vandergeest, P. (2003). Racialization and citizenship in Thai forest politics. Society &Natural Resources, 16(1), 19-37.
49. Walker, A., & Farrelly, N. (2008). Northern Thailand’s Specter of Eviction. Critical Asian Studies, 40(3), 373-397.
50. Woods, K., Barney, K., & Canby, K. (2011). Baseline Study 5, Thailand: Overview of Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade. Kuala Lumper: Forest Trends for FLEGT Asia Regional Programme.
Downloads
เผยแพร่แล้ว
2018-12-08
How to Cite
อารตี อยุทธคร A. A. (2018). การปรับตัวและต่อรองของชุมชนผ่านโครงการลดผลกระทบจากการเปลี่ยนแปลงสภาพภูมิอากาศ ในจังหวัดเชียงใหม่ ADAPTATION AND NEGOTIATION OF COMMUNITIES THROUGH CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION PROJECT IN CHIAN MAI. วารสารการจัดการสิ่งแวดล้อม, 14(2). https://doi.org/10.14456/jem.2018.9
ฉบับ
บท
บทความวิจัย Research
