Anaerobic Co – Digestion of Elephant Grass, Pig and Poultry Droppings for the Production of Biogas
Keywords:
Biomethanisation, Fermentation, Gas Chromatography, X – Ray Fluorescence, FTIR, Kinetics, Digester, Methane, BiogasAbstract
Co – digestion of elephant grass, poultry and pig droppings anaerobically for laboratory scale production of biogas was under taken. The pH and temperature ranges for this study were 5.5 – 7.1 and 25oC – 30oC respectively within the hydraulic retention time of 52 days. 9.10% total solid concentration was used in each of the digesters. The water displacement method was used to estimate the biogas produced. The percentage weight ratio distribution of poultry droppings to pig droppings were; (100:0), (75:25), (50:50), (25:75), and (0:100) for digesters A, B, C, D and E respectively. Digester B gave the maximum biogas yields of 301 cm3CH4/ g – VSadded at the end of 52 days of fermentation after which there was no further production. It is suggested that the presence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, alkanes, SP3 and methyl functional group in all these substrates used as shown by the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy carried out make these materials be good for biogas production. The GC analysis on the biogas produced in digester B had maximum production showed 69.43 %v/v and 23.22 %v/v for methane (CH4) and carbon dioxide (CO2) respectively. The experimental data fitted well with the linear kinetic model which indicated that there was an increase in the yield of biogas as the retention time increases. The net performance of the digesters were, digester B > digester C > digester A > digester D > digester E. X – RF analysis carried out on the substrates showed that poultry dropping has more Fe2O3, CaO, P2O5, K2O, and Mn2O3 essential elements required for enzymes and microbial metabolisms in anaerobic digestion. This makes poultry droppings a very viable substrate for biogas production compared to the other two substrates. The overall power generations were 6.54, 9.57, 7.8, 5.4, and 1.89 watt in digesters A, B, C, D, and E respectively.
References
[1] Adelekan, B. A., & Bamgboye, A. I. (2009). Comparison of biogas productivity of cassava peels mixed in selected mixed in selected ratios with major livestock waste types. African Journal of Agricultural Research Centre, 12(1-12), 12 – 17.
[2] Adeyanju, A. A. (2008), Effects of seeding of wood-ash on biogas production using pig waste and cassava peels. Journal of Engineering Applied Sci, 3(3), 242–245.
[3] American Society for Testing and Materials, (1991). Standard test methods for moisture in activated carbon, Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee on Standards.
[4] American Society for testing and materials: Annual Book of ASTM Standard (1996). Volume 15.01, Refractories, Carbon and Graphic Products, Activated Carbon, ASTM, Philadelphia, P. A.
[5] APHA, (1995), Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA.
[6] Bal., A. S., & Dhagat, N. N. (2001). Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor – a review. Indian J. Environ Health, 43, 1-82.
[7] Bayer, E. A., Lamed, R., & Himmel, M. E. (2007). The potential of cellulases and cellulosomes for cellulosic waste management. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 18, 237 – 245.
[8] Chandra, R., Takeuchi, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2012). Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: A review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renew. Sustainable Energy, 16, 1462–1476.
[9] Brown, D., & Li, Y. (2013), Solid state anaerobic co-digestion of yard waste and food waste for biogas production Bioresource Technol, 127, 275–280.
[10] Cirne, D. G., Lehtomaki, A., Bjornsson, L., & Blackhall, L. L. (2007). Hydrolysis and microbial community analysis in two – stage anaerobic digestion of energy crops. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 516 – 527.
[11] Coates, J. (2000). Interpretation of Infrared Spectra: A Practical Approach, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, Meyers, R. A., (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 10815 – 10837.
[12] Cuzin, N., Farinet, J. L., Segretain, C., & Labat, M. (1992). Methanogenic fermentation of cassava peel using a pilot plug flow digester. Bioresource Technol, 41, 259-264.
[13] Dennis, A., & Burke, P. E. (2001). Dairy waste anaerobic digestion handbook, Environmental Energy Company, 6007, Hill Street, Olympia, W. A., 98516, 20.
[14] Dupont and Accorsi, (2006), Studies on biochemical changes in maize wastes fermented with Aspergillus niger. Biokemistri, 19(2), 75-79.
[15] E l – Mashad, H. M., & Zhang, R. (2007). Co-digestion of Food Waste and Dairy Manure for Biogas Production, Transaction, ASABE 50, 1815 – 1822, 2007.
[16] El – Mashad, H. M., & Zhang, R. (2010). Biogas production from co – digestion of dairy manure and food waste. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4021 – 4028.
[17] El-Saeidy, E. A. (2004). Technology Fundamentals of Briquetting Cotton Stalks as Biofuel: an unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University, Germany.
[18] Ezeonu, S. O., Dioha, I. J., & Eboatu, A. N. (2005). Daily Biogas Production from different wastes and identification of methanogenic bacteria Involved, Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 15, 80 – 85.
[19] Graaf, D., & Fendler, R. (2010). Biogas production in Germany, Federal Environment Agency, Dessau – Rosslau, 29.
[20] Hattori, M., Iwase, N., Furuya, N., Tanaka, Y., Tsukazari, T., Maguire, M. E., Ito, K., Maturana, A., & Nureki, O. (2009). Mg2+ - dependent gating of bacterial MgtE channel underlies Mg2+ homeostasis, EMBO, 28:3602 – 3612.
[21] Igoni, A., Hikiah, Ayotamuno, M. J, Eze, C. L., Ogaji, S. O. T., & Robert, S. D. (2008). Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from municipal solid – waste. Applied Energy, 8, 430–438.
[22] Iyagba, E. T., Mangibo, I. A., & Mohammad, Y. S. (2009). The Study of Cow Dung as Co-substrate with Rice Husk in Biogas Production. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(9), 861 – 866.
[23] Karki, A. B., Shrestha N. J., & Bajgain S. (2005). Biogas as Renewable Energy Source in Nepal: Theory and Development, Nepal, BSP., Retrieved on August 17th, 2017, www.snvworld.org,
[24] Kaster, A. K., Goenrich, M., Seedorf, H., Liesegang, H., Wollherr, A., Gottschalk, G., & Thauer, R. K. (2011). More than 200 genes required for methane formation from H2 and CO2 and energy conservation are present in Methanothermobacter marburgensis and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, Archaea.
[25] Kumar, S., Mondal, A. N., Gaikward, S. A., Devotta, S., & Singh, R. N. (2004). Qualitative assessment of methane emission inventory from municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study, Atmos. Environ, 38, 4921–4929.
[26] Lalitha, K., Swaminathan, K. R., & Bai, R. P. (1994). Kinetics of Biomethanation of Solid Tannery Waste and the Concept of Interactive Metabolic Control. Applied Biochemical Biotechnology, 47, 73 – 87.
[27] Latinwo, G. K., & Agarry, S. E. (2015). Modelling the kinetics of biogas generation from mesophilic anaerobic co – digestion of sewage sludge with municipal organic waste. Chemical and process engineering research, 31, 43 – 53.
[28] Li, Y., Zhang, R. H.; Liu, X. Y., Chen, C., Xiao, X., Feng, L., He, Y. F. & Liu, G. Q. (2013). Evaluating methane production from anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of kitchen waste, corn stover, and chicken manure. Energy Fuel, 27, 2085–2091.
[29] Li, J., Jha, A. K., He, J., Ban, Q., Chang, S., & Wang, P. (2011). Assessment of the effects of dry anaerobic co – digestion of cow dung with waste water sludge on biogas yield and biodegradability. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(15), 3723 – 3732.
[30] Mata – Alvarez, J., Macé, S., & Llabré, P. (2000). Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and perspectives, Bioresour Technol, 74, 3 – 16.
[31] Mashapu, N. (2005). The microbial composition of natural methanogenic consortium, A thesis M.Sc., University of Western Cape.
[32] Mathew, A. K., Bhui, I., Banerjee, S. N., Goswami, R., Shome, A., Chakraborty, A. K., Balachandran, S., & Chaudhury, S. (2014). Biogas production from locally available aquatic weeds of Santiniketan through anaerobic digestion, Clean Technology Environ., Policy.
[33] Medigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., & Parker, J. (2000). Brock biology of microorganisms, Prentice Hall International, New Jersy.
[34] Mshandete, A. M., & Parawira, W. (2009). Biogas Technology Research in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries A Review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 116 – 125.
[35] Mudhoo, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). Effects of heavy metals as stress factors on anaerobic digestion processes and biogas production from biomass. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, 10, 1383 – 1398.
[36] Ojolo, S. J., Dinrifo, R. R., & Adesuyi, K. B., (2007). Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Five Substrates. Advanced Materials Research Journal, 18-19, 519-525 published by Trans Tech, Retrieved from http://www.scientific.net
[37] Okewale, A. O., Omoruwuo, F., & Ojaigho, R. O. (2016). alternative energy production for environmental sustainability. British Journal of Renewable Energy, 1(2), 18 – 22.
[38] Ostream, K. (2004). Greening waste: anaerobic digestion for treating the organic fraction of municipal Solid wastes, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis in Earth Resources Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Fu Foundation of School of Engineering and Applied Science, Colombia University.
[39] Parawira, W., Murto, M., Zvauya, R., & Mattiasson, B. (2004). Anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste alone and in combination with sugar beet leaves. Renewable Energy, 29, 1811 – 1823.
[40] Parkin, G. F., & Owen, W. F. (1986). Fundamentals of anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges, J. Environ. Eng, 112, 867–920.
[41] Qiang, H., Langa, D. L., & Li, Y. Y. (2012). High – solid mesophilic methane fermentation of food waste with an emphasis on iron, cobalt, and nickel requirements, Bioresource Technology, 103, 21 – 27.
[42] Reungsang, A., Pattra, S., & Sittijunda, S. (2012). Optimization of Key Factors Affecting Methane Production from Acidic Effluent Coming from the Sugarcane Juice Hydrogen Fermentation Process. Energies, 5, 4746–4757.
[43] Ramansu, G., Pritam, C., Arunima, S., Sambhu Nath, B., Amit, K. C., Anil, K. M., & Shibani, C. (2016). An overview of physico – chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Biotech, 6, 1, 72.
[44] Rao, A. G., Prakash, S. S., Joseph, J., Reddy, A. R., & Sarma, P. N. (2011),. Multi stage high rate biomethanation of poultry litter with self-mixed anaerobic digester, Bioresource Technology, 102, 729 – 735.
[45] Saxena, R. C., Adhikari, D. K., & Goyal, H. B. (2009). Biomass – based energy fuel through biochemical routes. A review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 13, 167 – 178.
[46] Scherer, P. A., Vollmer, G. R., Fakhouri, T., & Martensen, S. (2000). Development of methanogenic process to degrade exhaustively the organic fraction of municipal grey waste under thermophilic and hyperthermophilic conditions, water Sci. Technol, 41, 83 – 91.
[47] Sittijunda, S. (2015). Biogas Production from Hydrolysate Napier Grass by Co-Digestion with Slaughterhouse Wastewater using Anaerobic Mixed Cultures. KKU Res. J, 20, 323–336.
[48] Themelis, N. J., & Verma, S, (2004), The Better Option: Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste in MSW, Waste Management World.
[49] Xie, S., Lawlor, P. G., Frost, J. P., Hu, Z., & Zhan, X. (2011), Effect of pig manure to grass silage ratio on methane production in batch anaerobic co-digestion of concentrated pig manure and grass silage. Bioresource Technol, 102, 5728–5733.
[50] Vicenta, M., Pacheco, G., Alamis, M. L. A., Anglo, P. G., Tan, B. V., & Silverio, C. M. (1984). A Study of some Factors Affecting Biogas Production from Pineapple Peelings, In: Bidin., R., Chong, C. N., Wang, C. W., (Eds), Proceedings of the second ASEAN Workshop on Biogas Production Applied to the Management and Utilization of Food Waste Materials, Kaula Terengganu, Malaysia, 189 – 202.
[51] Yokoi, H., Saitsu, A., Uchida, H., Hirose, J., Hayashi, S., & Takasaki, Y. (2001). Microbial hydrogen production from sweet potato starch residue, J. Biosci. Bioeng, 91, 58–63.
[52] Zhang, Y., Rodionov, D. A., Gelfand, M. S., & Gladyshev, V. N. (2009). Comparative genomic analyses of nickel, cobalt, and vitamin B12 utilization, BMC Genom.
[53] Zhai, N., Zhang, T., Yin, D., Yang, G., Wang, X., Ren, G., & Feng, Y. (2015). Effect of initial pH on anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and cow manure. Waste Management, 38, 126–131.
[54] Klomjek, P.K. (2015). Characteristics of Wastewater and Rice Straw in an Anaerobic Co-Digestion System. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University, 34(5), 423-430.
[55] Jirukkakul, P. (2015). Study of Potential of Erianthus sp. for Biogas Production. Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering Journal, 21(1), 25-30.
[56] Chanathaworn, J. (2017). Application of Supporting Media for Improvement of Anaerobic Digestion Performance and Biogas Production. International Journal of Renewable Energy, 12(2), 65-74.
[57] Ruamtawee, N., Daosud, W., Laoong-u-thai, Y., & Kittisupakorn, P. (2016). Hybrid neural network modeling and optimization of an anaerobic digestion of shrimp culture pond sediments in biogas production process. KKU Engineering Journal, 43, 192-195.
[2] Adeyanju, A. A. (2008), Effects of seeding of wood-ash on biogas production using pig waste and cassava peels. Journal of Engineering Applied Sci, 3(3), 242–245.
[3] American Society for Testing and Materials, (1991). Standard test methods for moisture in activated carbon, Philadelphia, PA: ASTM Committee on Standards.
[4] American Society for testing and materials: Annual Book of ASTM Standard (1996). Volume 15.01, Refractories, Carbon and Graphic Products, Activated Carbon, ASTM, Philadelphia, P. A.
[5] APHA, (1995), Standard Methods for Examination of Water and Wastewater, 18th ed.; American Public Health Association: Washington, DC, USA.
[6] Bal., A. S., & Dhagat, N. N. (2001). Upflow anaerobic sludge blanket reactor – a review. Indian J. Environ Health, 43, 1-82.
[7] Bayer, E. A., Lamed, R., & Himmel, M. E. (2007). The potential of cellulases and cellulosomes for cellulosic waste management. Curr Opin Biotechnol, 18, 237 – 245.
[8] Chandra, R., Takeuchi, H., & Hasegawa, T. (2012). Methane production from lignocellulosic agricultural crop wastes: A review in context to second generation of biofuel production. Renew. Sustainable Energy, 16, 1462–1476.
[9] Brown, D., & Li, Y. (2013), Solid state anaerobic co-digestion of yard waste and food waste for biogas production Bioresource Technol, 127, 275–280.
[10] Cirne, D. G., Lehtomaki, A., Bjornsson, L., & Blackhall, L. L. (2007). Hydrolysis and microbial community analysis in two – stage anaerobic digestion of energy crops. Journal of Applied Microbiology, 103, 516 – 527.
[11] Coates, J. (2000). Interpretation of Infrared Spectra: A Practical Approach, in Encyclopedia of Analytical Chemistry, Meyers, R. A., (Ed.), John Wiley and Sons Ltd., Chichester, 10815 – 10837.
[12] Cuzin, N., Farinet, J. L., Segretain, C., & Labat, M. (1992). Methanogenic fermentation of cassava peel using a pilot plug flow digester. Bioresource Technol, 41, 259-264.
[13] Dennis, A., & Burke, P. E. (2001). Dairy waste anaerobic digestion handbook, Environmental Energy Company, 6007, Hill Street, Olympia, W. A., 98516, 20.
[14] Dupont and Accorsi, (2006), Studies on biochemical changes in maize wastes fermented with Aspergillus niger. Biokemistri, 19(2), 75-79.
[15] E l – Mashad, H. M., & Zhang, R. (2007). Co-digestion of Food Waste and Dairy Manure for Biogas Production, Transaction, ASABE 50, 1815 – 1822, 2007.
[16] El – Mashad, H. M., & Zhang, R. (2010). Biogas production from co – digestion of dairy manure and food waste. Bioresource Technology, 101, 4021 – 4028.
[17] El-Saeidy, E. A. (2004). Technology Fundamentals of Briquetting Cotton Stalks as Biofuel: an unpublished Ph.D. Thesis, Faculty Agriculture and Horticulture, Humboldt University, Germany.
[18] Ezeonu, S. O., Dioha, I. J., & Eboatu, A. N. (2005). Daily Biogas Production from different wastes and identification of methanogenic bacteria Involved, Nigerian Journal of Solar Energy, 15, 80 – 85.
[19] Graaf, D., & Fendler, R. (2010). Biogas production in Germany, Federal Environment Agency, Dessau – Rosslau, 29.
[20] Hattori, M., Iwase, N., Furuya, N., Tanaka, Y., Tsukazari, T., Maguire, M. E., Ito, K., Maturana, A., & Nureki, O. (2009). Mg2+ - dependent gating of bacterial MgtE channel underlies Mg2+ homeostasis, EMBO, 28:3602 – 3612.
[21] Igoni, A., Hikiah, Ayotamuno, M. J, Eze, C. L., Ogaji, S. O. T., & Robert, S. D. (2008). Designs of anaerobic digesters for producing biogas from municipal solid – waste. Applied Energy, 8, 430–438.
[22] Iyagba, E. T., Mangibo, I. A., & Mohammad, Y. S. (2009). The Study of Cow Dung as Co-substrate with Rice Husk in Biogas Production. Scientific Research and Essay, 4(9), 861 – 866.
[23] Karki, A. B., Shrestha N. J., & Bajgain S. (2005). Biogas as Renewable Energy Source in Nepal: Theory and Development, Nepal, BSP., Retrieved on August 17th, 2017, www.snvworld.org,
[24] Kaster, A. K., Goenrich, M., Seedorf, H., Liesegang, H., Wollherr, A., Gottschalk, G., & Thauer, R. K. (2011). More than 200 genes required for methane formation from H2 and CO2 and energy conservation are present in Methanothermobacter marburgensis and Methanothermobacter thermautotrophicus, Archaea.
[25] Kumar, S., Mondal, A. N., Gaikward, S. A., Devotta, S., & Singh, R. N. (2004). Qualitative assessment of methane emission inventory from municipal solid waste disposal sites: a case study, Atmos. Environ, 38, 4921–4929.
[26] Lalitha, K., Swaminathan, K. R., & Bai, R. P. (1994). Kinetics of Biomethanation of Solid Tannery Waste and the Concept of Interactive Metabolic Control. Applied Biochemical Biotechnology, 47, 73 – 87.
[27] Latinwo, G. K., & Agarry, S. E. (2015). Modelling the kinetics of biogas generation from mesophilic anaerobic co – digestion of sewage sludge with municipal organic waste. Chemical and process engineering research, 31, 43 – 53.
[28] Li, Y., Zhang, R. H.; Liu, X. Y., Chen, C., Xiao, X., Feng, L., He, Y. F. & Liu, G. Q. (2013). Evaluating methane production from anaerobic mono- and co-digestion of kitchen waste, corn stover, and chicken manure. Energy Fuel, 27, 2085–2091.
[29] Li, J., Jha, A. K., He, J., Ban, Q., Chang, S., & Wang, P. (2011). Assessment of the effects of dry anaerobic co – digestion of cow dung with waste water sludge on biogas yield and biodegradability. International Journal of the Physical Sciences, 6(15), 3723 – 3732.
[30] Mata – Alvarez, J., Macé, S., & Llabré, P. (2000). Anaerobic digestion of organic solid wastes. An overview of research achievements and perspectives, Bioresour Technol, 74, 3 – 16.
[31] Mashapu, N. (2005). The microbial composition of natural methanogenic consortium, A thesis M.Sc., University of Western Cape.
[32] Mathew, A. K., Bhui, I., Banerjee, S. N., Goswami, R., Shome, A., Chakraborty, A. K., Balachandran, S., & Chaudhury, S. (2014). Biogas production from locally available aquatic weeds of Santiniketan through anaerobic digestion, Clean Technology Environ., Policy.
[33] Medigan, M. T., Martinko, J. M., & Parker, J. (2000). Brock biology of microorganisms, Prentice Hall International, New Jersy.
[34] Mshandete, A. M., & Parawira, W. (2009). Biogas Technology Research in Selected Sub-Saharan African Countries A Review. African Journal of Biotechnology, 8, 116 – 125.
[35] Mudhoo, A., & Kumar, S. (2013). Effects of heavy metals as stress factors on anaerobic digestion processes and biogas production from biomass. Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol, 10, 1383 – 1398.
[36] Ojolo, S. J., Dinrifo, R. R., & Adesuyi, K. B., (2007). Comparative Study of Biogas Production from Five Substrates. Advanced Materials Research Journal, 18-19, 519-525 published by Trans Tech, Retrieved from http://www.scientific.net
[37] Okewale, A. O., Omoruwuo, F., & Ojaigho, R. O. (2016). alternative energy production for environmental sustainability. British Journal of Renewable Energy, 1(2), 18 – 22.
[38] Ostream, K. (2004). Greening waste: anaerobic digestion for treating the organic fraction of municipal Solid wastes, Unpublished M.Sc. Thesis in Earth Resources Engineering, Department of Earth and Environmental Engineering Fu Foundation of School of Engineering and Applied Science, Colombia University.
[39] Parawira, W., Murto, M., Zvauya, R., & Mattiasson, B. (2004). Anaerobic digestion of solid potato waste alone and in combination with sugar beet leaves. Renewable Energy, 29, 1811 – 1823.
[40] Parkin, G. F., & Owen, W. F. (1986). Fundamentals of anaerobic digestion of wastewater sludges, J. Environ. Eng, 112, 867–920.
[41] Qiang, H., Langa, D. L., & Li, Y. Y. (2012). High – solid mesophilic methane fermentation of food waste with an emphasis on iron, cobalt, and nickel requirements, Bioresource Technology, 103, 21 – 27.
[42] Reungsang, A., Pattra, S., & Sittijunda, S. (2012). Optimization of Key Factors Affecting Methane Production from Acidic Effluent Coming from the Sugarcane Juice Hydrogen Fermentation Process. Energies, 5, 4746–4757.
[43] Ramansu, G., Pritam, C., Arunima, S., Sambhu Nath, B., Amit, K. C., Anil, K. M., & Shibani, C. (2016). An overview of physico – chemical mechanisms of biogas production by microbial communities: a step towards sustainable waste management. Biotech, 6, 1, 72.
[44] Rao, A. G., Prakash, S. S., Joseph, J., Reddy, A. R., & Sarma, P. N. (2011),. Multi stage high rate biomethanation of poultry litter with self-mixed anaerobic digester, Bioresource Technology, 102, 729 – 735.
[45] Saxena, R. C., Adhikari, D. K., & Goyal, H. B. (2009). Biomass – based energy fuel through biochemical routes. A review, Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev, 13, 167 – 178.
[46] Scherer, P. A., Vollmer, G. R., Fakhouri, T., & Martensen, S. (2000). Development of methanogenic process to degrade exhaustively the organic fraction of municipal grey waste under thermophilic and hyperthermophilic conditions, water Sci. Technol, 41, 83 – 91.
[47] Sittijunda, S. (2015). Biogas Production from Hydrolysate Napier Grass by Co-Digestion with Slaughterhouse Wastewater using Anaerobic Mixed Cultures. KKU Res. J, 20, 323–336.
[48] Themelis, N. J., & Verma, S, (2004), The Better Option: Anaerobic Digestion of Organic Waste in MSW, Waste Management World.
[49] Xie, S., Lawlor, P. G., Frost, J. P., Hu, Z., & Zhan, X. (2011), Effect of pig manure to grass silage ratio on methane production in batch anaerobic co-digestion of concentrated pig manure and grass silage. Bioresource Technol, 102, 5728–5733.
[50] Vicenta, M., Pacheco, G., Alamis, M. L. A., Anglo, P. G., Tan, B. V., & Silverio, C. M. (1984). A Study of some Factors Affecting Biogas Production from Pineapple Peelings, In: Bidin., R., Chong, C. N., Wang, C. W., (Eds), Proceedings of the second ASEAN Workshop on Biogas Production Applied to the Management and Utilization of Food Waste Materials, Kaula Terengganu, Malaysia, 189 – 202.
[51] Yokoi, H., Saitsu, A., Uchida, H., Hirose, J., Hayashi, S., & Takasaki, Y. (2001). Microbial hydrogen production from sweet potato starch residue, J. Biosci. Bioeng, 91, 58–63.
[52] Zhang, Y., Rodionov, D. A., Gelfand, M. S., & Gladyshev, V. N. (2009). Comparative genomic analyses of nickel, cobalt, and vitamin B12 utilization, BMC Genom.
[53] Zhai, N., Zhang, T., Yin, D., Yang, G., Wang, X., Ren, G., & Feng, Y. (2015). Effect of initial pH on anaerobic co-digestion of kitchen waste and cow manure. Waste Management, 38, 126–131.
[54] Klomjek, P.K. (2015). Characteristics of Wastewater and Rice Straw in an Anaerobic Co-Digestion System. Journal of Science and Technology Mahasarakham University, 34(5), 423-430.
[55] Jirukkakul, P. (2015). Study of Potential of Erianthus sp. for Biogas Production. Thai Society of Agricultural Engineering Journal, 21(1), 25-30.
[56] Chanathaworn, J. (2017). Application of Supporting Media for Improvement of Anaerobic Digestion Performance and Biogas Production. International Journal of Renewable Energy, 12(2), 65-74.
[57] Ruamtawee, N., Daosud, W., Laoong-u-thai, Y., & Kittisupakorn, P. (2016). Hybrid neural network modeling and optimization of an anaerobic digestion of shrimp culture pond sediments in biogas production process. KKU Engineering Journal, 43, 192-195.
Downloads
Published
2018-05-01
How to Cite
Okewale, A., & Babayemi, A. K. (2018). Anaerobic Co – Digestion of Elephant Grass, Pig and Poultry Droppings for the Production of Biogas. Journal of Renewable Energy and Smart Grid Technology, 13(1). Retrieved from https://ph01.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/RAST/article/view/109708
Issue
Section
Articles
License
All copyrights of the above manuscript, including rights to publish in any media, are transferred to the SGtech.
The authors retain the following rights;
1. All proprietary rights other than copyright.
2. Re-use of all or part of the above manuscript in their work.
3. Reproduction of the above manuscript for author’s personal use or for company/institution use provided that
(a) prior permission of SGtech is obtained,
(b) the source and SGtech copyright notice are indicated, and
(c) the copies are not offered for sale.
