หนทางสู่การพัฒนาความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ในวิชาชีพการพยาบาล
คำสำคัญ:
ความฉลาดทางอารมณ์, วิชาชีพการพยาบาลบทคัดย่อ
ความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ (emotional quotient: EQ หรือ emotional intelligence: EI) เป็นความสามารถในการรับรู้และความเข้าใจในอารมณ์และความรู้สึกที่เกิดขึ้นทั้งของตนเองและของผู้อื่น และความสามารถในการจัดการกับอารมณ์ที่เกิดขึ้นได้อย่างเหมาะสม ซึ่งเป็นคุณสมบัติสำคัญของบุคลากรพยาบาลที่ควรพัฒนาให้เกิดขึ้น บทความนี้มีเป้าหมายเพื่อนำเสนอแนวทางการพัฒนาความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ของบุคลากรพยาบาล ได้แก่ นักศึกษาพยาบาล พยาบาล และผู้บริหารทางการพยาบาล โดยเนื้อหาครอบคลุม ความหมายและความสำคัญของความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ในวิชาชีพการพยาบาล ปัจจัยที่เกี่ยวข้องกับความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ การพัฒนาความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ในบุคลากรการพยาบาลที่มุ่งเน้นการจัดประสบการณ์การเรียนรู้ที่หลากหลายเพื่อพัฒนาให้เกิดทักษะสำคัญคือ การสะท้อนคิดด้วยตนเองและการฟังอย่างตั้งใจและเห็นอกเห็นใจ รวมถึงการให้ข้อเสนอแนะแก่ผู้บริหารและผู้ที่เกี่ยวข้องกับการจัดการศึกษาพยาบาลเพื่อนำความรู้ไปปรับใช้ในการพัฒนาความฉลาดทางอารมณ์ต่อไป
References
1. Salovey P, Grewal D. The science of emotional intelligence Current Directions in Psychological Science. 2005;14(6):281-85.
2. Bar-On R, Brown JM, Kirkcaldy BD, Thomé E P. Emotional expression and implications for occupational stress; an application of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Personality and Individual Differences. [Internet] 2000 [cite 2016 August 24];28(6):1107-18. Available from: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00160-9
3. Petrides KV, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality 2001;15(6):425-48. doi:10.1002/per.416
4. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books; 1995.
5. Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. J Adv Nursing 2017;73(1):85-96.
6. Fernandez R, Salamonson Y, Griffiths R. Emotional intelligence as a predictor of academic performance in first-year accelerated graduate entry nursing students. J Clin Nurs 2012;21(23-24):3485-92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04199.x
7. Ogundokun M O, Adeymo D A. Emotional intelligence and academic achievement: The moderatng
influence of age, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The African Symposium 2010;10(2):127-41.
8. Por J, Barriball L, Fitzpatrick J, Roberts J. Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping,
well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Education Today 2011;31(8):
855-60. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.12.023
9. Beauvais AM, Brady N, O'Shea ER, Griffin MTQ. Emotional intelligence and nursing performance
among nursing students. Nurse Education Today 2011;31(4):396-401.
10. Heckemann B, Schols J M, Halfens R J. A reflective framework to foster emotionally intelligent
leadership in nursing. J Nurs Manage 2015;23(6):744-53.doi:10.1111/jonm.12204
11. Sadri G. Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Development. Public Personnel Management
2012;41(3):535-48. doi:10.1177/009102601204100308
12. Szeles H. Developing emotional intelligence in student nurse leaders: a mixed methodology study.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing 2015;2(2):89-98. doi:10.4103/2347-5625.157575
13. Birks Y F, Watt I S. (2007). Emotional intelligence and patient-centred care. Journal of the Royal
Society of Medicine 2007;100(8):368-74.
14. Department of mental health. EQ: emotional intelligence (revised). The Ministry of health. 4th ed.
Nonthaburi: mental health development office; 2007. (in Thai)
15. Foster K, McCloughen A, Delgado C, Kefalas C, Harkness E. Emotional intelligence education in
pre-registration nursing programmes: An integrative review. Nurse Education Today. 2015;35:510-7.
16. Fernández-Berrocal P, Cabello R, Castillo R, Extremera N. Gender differences in emotional
intelligence: The mediating effect of age. Behavioral Psychology 2012;20(1):77-89.
17. Lewis GM, Neville C, Ashkanasy NM. Emotional intelligence and affective events in nurse
education: A narrative review. Nurse Education Today 2017;53:34-40.
18. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health
care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings:
Findings from an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;80:106-17.
19. Wong CA, Cummings GG, Ducharme L. The relationship between nursing leadership and patient
outcomes: a systematic review update. J Nurs Manage 2013;21(5):709-24. doi:10.1111/jonm.12116
20. Benson E. Research on emotions, stereotypes, and genes is producing new insights into intelligence.
[cite 2015 June 28] Available from: http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/ breaking.aspx
21. Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, Borglum A D, Grove J, Hinds D A, et al. Genome-wide analyses
of self-reported empathy: correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.
Translational Psychiatry 2018;8(35):1-10 doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6
22. Bagheri Z, Kosnin A M, Beshharat MA. The influence of culture on the functioning of emotional
intelligence. Paper presented at the 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education,
KSL Hotel & Resort, Johor; 2013. Malaysia.
23. Lim N. Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East
and the West. Integrative Medicine Research 2016;5(2):105-9.
24. Buonson R, Srijanong J, Sritimongkol R, Prawanlanchakorn C, Chanin P. Factors affecting
emotional intelligence of undergraduate students Naresuan University. Journal of Education
Naresuan University 2010;12(1):129-45. (in Thai)
25. Karimi L, Rada J. Emotional intelligence and self-awareness. In G. E. Day & S. G. Leggat (Eds.),
Leading and managing health services: An Australian perspective. Sydney, NSW: Cambridge
University Press;2015:55-66.
26. Panjiang P. Factors affecting emotional intelligence and the development model of emotional
intelligence of students in higher education institutions in Songkhla province. Songkhla. [cite 2015
June 28] Available from: http://rd.hu.ac.th/Download %20File/Full%20Text%20Research/580917.
pdf. (in Thai)
27. Emood W, Prueksasitorn B, Jaiyen Y. Emotional intelligence of Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University
students. Journal of Social Sciences Srinakharinwirot University 2013;16:185-99. (in Thai)
28. Ruffman T, Henry J D, Livingstone V, Phillips L H. A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition
and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews 2008;32(4):863-881. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
29. Humphrey N, Curran A, Morris E, Farrell P, Woods K. Emotional Intelligence and Education:
A critical review. Educational Psychology 2007;27(2):235-54.
30. Schutte N S, Malouff M, Thorsteinsson E B. Increasing emotional intelligence through training:
Current status and future directions. The International Journal of Emotional Education 2013;5(1):56-72.
31. Siriwatchaiyaphon R, Sirimai V, Wanich W, Thaksinajenkij K. Effectiveness of participation in
emotional intelligence development activities before graduation of students in the project of
producing additional professional nurses to solve the problems in the southern border provinces.
Nursing Journal, Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Bangkok 2013;29(2):113-21. (in Thai)
32. Chaiyaarj S, Wonghongkul T, Srirat C, Khampholsiri T, Fongkaew W, Wannarit T. The results of
the student development program in clinical practice Critical thinking and emotional intelligence
of 3rd year nursing students, Faculty of Nursing Chiang Mai University. Journal of Nursing and
Education 2010;3(3):39-50. (in Thai)
33. Thepworachai U, Thaweekittrakul P. Kajonsin P. Emotional Intelligence Development Activities
for Nursing Students. Health Science Research Journal 2007;1(1):10-6. (in Thai)
34. Shanta L, Gargiulo L. A study of the influence of nursing education on development of
emotional intellignece. Journal of Professional Nursing 2014;30(6):511-20.
35. Horton-Deuthch S, Sherwood G. Reflection: An educational strategy to develop emotionallycompetent
nurse leaders. J Nurs Manage 2008;16(8):946-54.
36. Gibbs G. Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. London: FEU; 1988.
37. Afshar H S, Rahimi M. Reflective thinking, emotional intelligence, and speaking ability of EFL
learners: Is there a relation? Thinking Skills and Creativity 2016;19: 97-111.
38. Ioannidou F, Konstantikaki V. Empathy and emotional intelligence: What is it really about?
International Journal of Caring Sciences 2008;1(3):118-123.
39. Phasukyad P. Deep listening wonders of the deep listening. Special lecture in the meeting to share
and learn from routine to research (R2R) 8th. The Convention Center impact forum. [cite 2015 July
22] Available from: http: / / www.youtube.com / watch? V = sw4Nl27S2nw. (in Thai)
40. Chulakan N, Paitakoon J, Ragampan S. The development of emotional intelligence in adolescents
by the application of a principle Buddha Dharma. Journal of Public Health Nursing 2015;29(1):132-143. (in Thai)
41. Miller L B. Review of journaling as a teaching and learning strategy. Teaching & Learning in Nursing 2017;12(1):39-42. doi:10.1016/j.teln.2016.10.004
42. Tsang A. In-class reflective group discussion as a strategy for the development of students as evolving professionals. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 2011;5(1):1-20.
43. Bolton G. Reflective practice: Writing and professional development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 2014.
2. Bar-On R, Brown JM, Kirkcaldy BD, Thomé E P. Emotional expression and implications for occupational stress; an application of the Emotional Quotient Inventory (EQ-i). Personality and Individual Differences. [Internet] 2000 [cite 2016 August 24];28(6):1107-18. Available from: http://
dx.doi.org/10.1016/S0191-8869(99)00160-9
3. Petrides KV, Furnham A. Trait emotional intelligence: psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality 2001;15(6):425-48. doi:10.1002/per.416
4. Goleman D. Emotional intelligence: Why it can matter more than IQ. New York: Bantam Books; 1995.
5. Carragher J, Gormley K. Leadership and emotional intelligence in nursing and midwifery education and practice: a discussion paper. J Adv Nursing 2017;73(1):85-96.
6. Fernandez R, Salamonson Y, Griffiths R. Emotional intelligence as a predictor of academic performance in first-year accelerated graduate entry nursing students. J Clin Nurs 2012;21(23-24):3485-92. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2702.2012.04199.x
7. Ogundokun M O, Adeymo D A. Emotional intelligence and academic achievement: The moderatng
influence of age, intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The African Symposium 2010;10(2):127-41.
8. Por J, Barriball L, Fitzpatrick J, Roberts J. Emotional intelligence: Its relationship to stress, coping,
well-being and professional performance in nursing students. Nurse Education Today 2011;31(8):
855-60. doi:10.1016/j.nedt.2010.12.023
9. Beauvais AM, Brady N, O'Shea ER, Griffin MTQ. Emotional intelligence and nursing performance
among nursing students. Nurse Education Today 2011;31(4):396-401.
10. Heckemann B, Schols J M, Halfens R J. A reflective framework to foster emotionally intelligent
leadership in nursing. J Nurs Manage 2015;23(6):744-53.doi:10.1111/jonm.12204
11. Sadri G. Emotional Intelligence and Leadership Development. Public Personnel Management
2012;41(3):535-48. doi:10.1177/009102601204100308
12. Szeles H. Developing emotional intelligence in student nurse leaders: a mixed methodology study.
Asia-Pacific Journal of Oncology Nursing 2015;2(2):89-98. doi:10.4103/2347-5625.157575
13. Birks Y F, Watt I S. (2007). Emotional intelligence and patient-centred care. Journal of the Royal
Society of Medicine 2007;100(8):368-74.
14. Department of mental health. EQ: emotional intelligence (revised). The Ministry of health. 4th ed.
Nonthaburi: mental health development office; 2007. (in Thai)
15. Foster K, McCloughen A, Delgado C, Kefalas C, Harkness E. Emotional intelligence education in
pre-registration nursing programmes: An integrative review. Nurse Education Today. 2015;35:510-7.
16. Fernández-Berrocal P, Cabello R, Castillo R, Extremera N. Gender differences in emotional
intelligence: The mediating effect of age. Behavioral Psychology 2012;20(1):77-89.
17. Lewis GM, Neville C, Ashkanasy NM. Emotional intelligence and affective events in nurse
education: A narrative review. Nurse Education Today 2017;53:34-40.
18. Nightingale S, Spiby H, Sheen K, Slade P. The impact of emotional intelligence in health
care professionals on caring behaviour towards patients in clinical and long-term care settings:
Findings from an integrative review. International Journal of Nursing Studies 2018;80:106-17.
19. Wong CA, Cummings GG, Ducharme L. The relationship between nursing leadership and patient
outcomes: a systematic review update. J Nurs Manage 2013;21(5):709-24. doi:10.1111/jonm.12116
20. Benson E. Research on emotions, stereotypes, and genes is producing new insights into intelligence.
[cite 2015 June 28] Available from: http://www.apa.org/monitor/feb03/ breaking.aspx
21. Warrier V, Toro R, Chakrabarti B, Borglum A D, Grove J, Hinds D A, et al. Genome-wide analyses
of self-reported empathy: correlations with autism, schizophrenia, and anorexia nervosa.
Translational Psychiatry 2018;8(35):1-10 doi:10.1038/s41398-017-0082-6
22. Bagheri Z, Kosnin A M, Beshharat MA. The influence of culture on the functioning of emotional
intelligence. Paper presented at the 2nd International Seminar on Quality and Affordable Education,
KSL Hotel & Resort, Johor; 2013. Malaysia.
23. Lim N. Cultural differences in emotion: differences in emotional arousal level between the East
and the West. Integrative Medicine Research 2016;5(2):105-9.
24. Buonson R, Srijanong J, Sritimongkol R, Prawanlanchakorn C, Chanin P. Factors affecting
emotional intelligence of undergraduate students Naresuan University. Journal of Education
Naresuan University 2010;12(1):129-45. (in Thai)
25. Karimi L, Rada J. Emotional intelligence and self-awareness. In G. E. Day & S. G. Leggat (Eds.),
Leading and managing health services: An Australian perspective. Sydney, NSW: Cambridge
University Press;2015:55-66.
26. Panjiang P. Factors affecting emotional intelligence and the development model of emotional
intelligence of students in higher education institutions in Songkhla province. Songkhla. [cite 2015
June 28] Available from: http://rd.hu.ac.th/Download %20File/Full%20Text%20Research/580917.
pdf. (in Thai)
27. Emood W, Prueksasitorn B, Jaiyen Y. Emotional intelligence of Rambhai Barni Rajabhat University
students. Journal of Social Sciences Srinakharinwirot University 2013;16:185-99. (in Thai)
28. Ruffman T, Henry J D, Livingstone V, Phillips L H. A meta-analytic review of emotion recognition
and aging: Implications for neuropsychological models of aging. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral
Reviews 2008;32(4):863-881. doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2008.01.001
29. Humphrey N, Curran A, Morris E, Farrell P, Woods K. Emotional Intelligence and Education:
A critical review. Educational Psychology 2007;27(2):235-54.
30. Schutte N S, Malouff M, Thorsteinsson E B. Increasing emotional intelligence through training:
Current status and future directions. The International Journal of Emotional Education 2013;5(1):56-72.
31. Siriwatchaiyaphon R, Sirimai V, Wanich W, Thaksinajenkij K. Effectiveness of participation in
emotional intelligence development activities before graduation of students in the project of
producing additional professional nurses to solve the problems in the southern border provinces.
Nursing Journal, Boromarajonani College of Nursing, Bangkok 2013;29(2):113-21. (in Thai)
32. Chaiyaarj S, Wonghongkul T, Srirat C, Khampholsiri T, Fongkaew W, Wannarit T. The results of
the student development program in clinical practice Critical thinking and emotional intelligence
of 3rd year nursing students, Faculty of Nursing Chiang Mai University. Journal of Nursing and
Education 2010;3(3):39-50. (in Thai)
33. Thepworachai U, Thaweekittrakul P. Kajonsin P. Emotional Intelligence Development Activities
for Nursing Students. Health Science Research Journal 2007;1(1):10-6. (in Thai)
34. Shanta L, Gargiulo L. A study of the influence of nursing education on development of
emotional intellignece. Journal of Professional Nursing 2014;30(6):511-20.
35. Horton-Deuthch S, Sherwood G. Reflection: An educational strategy to develop emotionallycompetent
nurse leaders. J Nurs Manage 2008;16(8):946-54.
36. Gibbs G. Learning by doing: A guide to teaching and learning methods. London: FEU; 1988.
37. Afshar H S, Rahimi M. Reflective thinking, emotional intelligence, and speaking ability of EFL
learners: Is there a relation? Thinking Skills and Creativity 2016;19: 97-111.
38. Ioannidou F, Konstantikaki V. Empathy and emotional intelligence: What is it really about?
International Journal of Caring Sciences 2008;1(3):118-123.
39. Phasukyad P. Deep listening wonders of the deep listening. Special lecture in the meeting to share
and learn from routine to research (R2R) 8th. The Convention Center impact forum. [cite 2015 July
22] Available from: http: / / www.youtube.com / watch? V = sw4Nl27S2nw. (in Thai)
40. Chulakan N, Paitakoon J, Ragampan S. The development of emotional intelligence in adolescents
by the application of a principle Buddha Dharma. Journal of Public Health Nursing 2015;29(1):132-143. (in Thai)
41. Miller L B. Review of journaling as a teaching and learning strategy. Teaching & Learning in Nursing 2017;12(1):39-42. doi:10.1016/j.teln.2016.10.004
42. Tsang A. In-class reflective group discussion as a strategy for the development of students as evolving professionals. International Journal for the Scholarship of Teaching and Learning 2011;5(1):1-20.
43. Bolton G. Reflective practice: Writing and professional development. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. 2014.
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