Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN): An Update for Clinicians
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Published:
Feb 20, 2013
Keywords:
diabetic neuropathy, neuropathic pain, PDN pain syndrome
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Abstract
Neuropathy is one of the most common complications in both type I and type II diabetes mellitus. It can present in various forms, either focal or symmetrical.1 The most common form is a chronic, symmetrical, length dependent axonal sensorimotor polyneuropathy. This disease can also affect the autonomic nervous system and plays an important role in other subsequent complications. Some patients are asymptomatic, but many patients have sensory symptoms, either negative or positive ones.
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1.
Kulkantrakorn K. Painful Diabetic Neuropathy (PDN): An Update for Clinicians. BKK Med J [Internet]. 2013 Feb. 20 [cited 2024 Apr. 25];5:46. Available from: https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/bkkmedj/article/view/218088
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References
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8. daCosta DiBonaventura M, Cappelleri JC, Joshi AV. A longitudinal assessment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy on health status, productivity, and health care utilization and cost. Pain Medicine 2011;12:118-26.
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10. Baron R, Tolle TR, Gockel U, et al. A cross-sectional cohort survey in 2100 patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: differences in demographic data and sensory symptoms. Pain 2009;146:34-40.
11. Petrikonis K, Sciupokas A, Samušytė G, et al. Importance of pain evaluation for more accurate diagnosis of painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Medicina (Kaunas) 2010;46: 735-42.
12. Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:807-19.
13. Kulkantrakorn K, Lorsuwansiri J. Sensory profile and its impact on quality of life in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurol Sci 2012 (submitted).
14. Spallone V, Monganti R, D’Amato C, et al. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 2012;29:578-85.
15. Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M, et al. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain 2011; 152:14-27.
16. Erbas T, Ertas M, Yucel A, et al. Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and painful peripheral neuropathy in Turkish diabetic patients. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011;28:51-5.
17. Mondelli M, Aretini A, Baldasseroni A. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy in diabetes: difference between patients with and without neuropathic pain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120:45-50.
18. Tavee J. Zhou L. Small fiber neuropathy: A burning problem. Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76:297-305.
19. Daousi C, Benbow SJ, Woodward A, et al. The natural history of chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in a community diabetes population. Diabet Med 2006;23:1021-4.
20. Taylor RS. Epidemiology of refractory neuropathic pain.Pain Pract 2006;6:22-6.
21. Jensen MP, Chodroff MJ, Dworkin RH. The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life : review and implications. Neurology 2007;68:1178-82.
22. Beydoun A, Kobetz SA, Carrazana EJ. Efficacy of oxcar- bazepine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Clin J Pain 2004;20:174-8.
23. Rerkasem K, Kosachunhanun N, Tongprasert S, et al. A multidisciplinary diabetic foot protocol at Chiang Mai University Hospital: cost and quality of life. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2009;8:153-6.
24. Swislocki A, Orth M, Bales M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of photon stimulation on pain, sensation, and quality of life in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39: 88-99.
25. Hermann BP, Vickrey B, Hays RD, et al. A comparison of health-related quality of life in patients with epilepsy, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 1996;25: 113-8.
26. Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al. Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiag- nostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2011;76:1758-65.
27. Backonja MM, Walk D, Edwards RR, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in measurement of neuropathic pain phenomena and other sensory abnormalities. Clin J Pain 2009;25:641-7.
28. Thai Association for the Study of Pain. Clinical Practice Guideline for Neuropathic Pain 2008. Bangkok, Thailand, Beyond Enterprise Publishing, 2008.
29. Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain 2010;150:573-81.
30. Kulkantrakorn K. Diabetic neuropathy. Clinic 2012;28:15-21.
31. Dworkin RH, Jensen MP, Gammaitoni AR, et al. Symptom profiles differ in patients with neuropathic versus non- neuropathic pain. J Pain 2007;8:118-26.
32. Koroschetz J, Rehm SE, Gockel U, et al. Fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain - differences and similarities. A com- parison of 3057 patients with diabetic painful neuropathy and fibromyalgia. BMC Neurology 2011;11:55.
2. Tesfaye S, Vileikyte L, Rayman G, et al. Painful Diabetic Peripheral Neuropathy: Consensus Recommendations on Diagnosis, Assessment and Management. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2011 Jun 21. doi: 10.1002/dmrr.1225. [Epub ahead of print]
3. Jambart S, Ammarche Z, Haddad F, et al. Prevalence of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy among patients with diabetes mellitus in the Middle East region. J Int Med Res 2011;39:366-77.
4. England JD, Gronseth G, Franklin G, et al. Practice Parameter: Evaluation of distal symmetric polyneuropathy: Role of laboratory and genetic testing (an evidence-based review): Report of the American Academy of Neurology, American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiag- nostic Medicine, and American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2009;72:185-92.
5. Attal N, Cruccu GG, Baron R, et al. European Federation of Neurological Societies. EFNS guidelines on the phar- macological treatment of neuropathic pain: 2010 revision. Eur J Neurol 2010;17:1113-88.
6. Boulton AJ, Malik RA, Arezzo JC, et al. Diabetic somatic neuropathies. Diabetes Care 2004;27:1458-86.
7. Davies M, Brophy S, Williams R, et al. The prevalence, severity, and impact of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Care 2006;29: 1518-22.
8. daCosta DiBonaventura M, Cappelleri JC, Joshi AV. A longitudinal assessment of painful diabetic peripheral neuropathy on health status, productivity, and health care utilization and cost. Pain Medicine 2011;12:118-26.
9. Tesfaye S, Boulton AJ, Dyck PJ, et al. Diabetic neuropa- thies: update on definitions, diagnostic criteria, estimation of severity, and treatments. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2285-93.
10. Baron R, Tolle TR, Gockel U, et al. A cross-sectional cohort survey in 2100 patients with painful diabetic neuropathy and postherpetic neuralgia: differences in demographic data and sensory symptoms. Pain 2009;146:34-40.
11. Petrikonis K, Sciupokas A, Samušytė G, et al. Importance of pain evaluation for more accurate diagnosis of painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Medicina (Kaunas) 2010;46: 735-42.
12. Baron R, Binder A, Wasner G. Neuropathic pain: diagnosis, pathophysiological mechanisms, and treatment. Lancet Neurol 2010;9:807-19.
13. Kulkantrakorn K, Lorsuwansiri J. Sensory profile and its impact on quality of life in patients with painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Neurol Sci 2012 (submitted).
14. Spallone V, Monganti R, D’Amato C, et al. Validation of DN4 as a screening tool for neuropathic pain in painful diabetic polyneuropathy. Diabet Med 2012;29:578-85.
15. Haanpää M, Attal N, Backonja M, et al. NeuPSIG guidelines on neuropathic pain assessment. Pain 2011; 152:14-27.
16. Erbas T, Ertas M, Yucel A, et al. Prevalence of peripheral neuropathy and painful peripheral neuropathy in Turkish diabetic patients. J Clin Neurophysiol 2011;28:51-5.
17. Mondelli M, Aretini A, Baldasseroni A. Distal symmetric polyneuropathy in diabetes: difference between patients with and without neuropathic pain. Exp Clin Endocrinol Diabetes 2012;120:45-50.
18. Tavee J. Zhou L. Small fiber neuropathy: A burning problem. Cleve Clin J Med 2009;76:297-305.
19. Daousi C, Benbow SJ, Woodward A, et al. The natural history of chronic painful peripheral neuropathy in a community diabetes population. Diabet Med 2006;23:1021-4.
20. Taylor RS. Epidemiology of refractory neuropathic pain.Pain Pract 2006;6:22-6.
21. Jensen MP, Chodroff MJ, Dworkin RH. The impact of neuropathic pain on health-related quality of life : review and implications. Neurology 2007;68:1178-82.
22. Beydoun A, Kobetz SA, Carrazana EJ. Efficacy of oxcar- bazepine in the treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy. Clin J Pain 2004;20:174-8.
23. Rerkasem K, Kosachunhanun N, Tongprasert S, et al. A multidisciplinary diabetic foot protocol at Chiang Mai University Hospital: cost and quality of life. Int J Low Extrem Wounds 2009;8:153-6.
24. Swislocki A, Orth M, Bales M, et al. A randomized clinical trial of the effectiveness of photon stimulation on pain, sensation, and quality of life in patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Pain Symptom Manage 2010;39: 88-99.
25. Hermann BP, Vickrey B, Hays RD, et al. A comparison of health-related quality of life in patients with epilepsy, diabetes and multiple sclerosis. Epilepsy Res 1996;25: 113-8.
26. Bril V, England J, Franklin GM, et al. Evidence-based guideline: Treatment of painful diabetic neuropathy: report of the American Academy of Neurology, the American Association of Neuromuscular and Electrodiag- nostic Medicine, and the American Academy of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation. Neurology 2011;76:1758-65.
27. Backonja MM, Walk D, Edwards RR, et al. Quantitative sensory testing in measurement of neuropathic pain phenomena and other sensory abnormalities. Clin J Pain 2009;25:641-7.
28. Thai Association for the Study of Pain. Clinical Practice Guideline for Neuropathic Pain 2008. Bangkok, Thailand, Beyond Enterprise Publishing, 2008.
29. Finnerup NB, Sindrup SH, Jensen TS. The evidence for pharmacological treatment of neuropathic pain. Pain 2010;150:573-81.
30. Kulkantrakorn K. Diabetic neuropathy. Clinic 2012;28:15-21.
31. Dworkin RH, Jensen MP, Gammaitoni AR, et al. Symptom profiles differ in patients with neuropathic versus non- neuropathic pain. J Pain 2007;8:118-26.
32. Koroschetz J, Rehm SE, Gockel U, et al. Fibromyalgia and neuropathic pain - differences and similarities. A com- parison of 3057 patients with diabetic painful neuropathy and fibromyalgia. BMC Neurology 2011;11:55.