Feline Trichomonosis
Article Sidebar
Published:
Jan 22, 2019
Keywords:
Feline trichomonosis Trichomonas foetus Bovine trichomonosis Cat Cattle
Main Article Content
Abstract
Feline trichomonosis, a large bowel disease in domestic cats caused by Trichomonas foetus, is now prevalent in many parts of the world. The disease can cause asymptomatic infection in cats or chronic diarrhea which mainly occurring in kittens. T. foetus is a protozoan parasite which has long been recognized as a causative agent of bovine trichomonosis, a disease of cattle reproductive system. While bovine trichomonosis is a venereal disease in cattle, feline trichomonosis is thought to transmit by faecal-oral route. This review article provides concept knowledge of the disease in cats, the disease transmission, diagnosis and treatment.
Article Details
Section
Review Article
References
Arranz-Solís, D., S. Pedraza-Díaz, G. Miró, S. Rojo-Montejo, L. Hernández, L. M. Ortega-Mora and E. Collantes-Fernández. 2016. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhea from densely housed origins. Vet. Parasitol. 15(221): 118-122.
Bissett, S. A., M. L. Stone, R. Malik, J. M. Norris, C. O'Brien, C. S. Mansfield, J. M. Nicholls, A. Griffin, and J. L. Gookin. 2009. Observed occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus and other enteric parasites in Australian cattery and shelter cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11(10): 803-807.
Ceplecha, V., M. Svoboda, I. Cepička, R. Husník, K. Horáčková, and V. Svobodová. 2013. InPouch™ TF-Feline medium is not specific for Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet. Parasitol. 196(3-4): 503-505.
Cobo, E. R., D. Cano, and C. M. Campero. 2001. Experimental infection with Tritrichomonas suis in heifers. Vet. Parasitol. 99(1): 73-78.
Dahlgren, S. S., B. Gjerde, and H. Y. Pettersen. 2007. First record of natural Tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. J. Small Anim. Pract. 48(11): 654-657.
Doi, J., J. Hirota, A. Morita, K. Fukushima, H. Kamijyo, H. Ohta, M. Yamasaki, T. Takahashi, K. Katakura, and Y. Oku. 2012. Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 74(4): 413-417.
Doi, J., N. Abe, and Y. Oku. 2013. Molecular survey of Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) 'cat' and 'cattle' genotypes in pigs in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(4): 475-479.
Fitzgerald, P. R., A. E. Johnson, J. L. Thorne, and D. M. Hammond. 1958. Experimental infections of the bovine genital system with trichomonads from the digestive tracts of swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 19(73): 775-779.
Gookin, J. L., M. G. Levy, J. M. Law, M. G. Papich, M. F. Poore, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. 2001. Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62(11): 1690-1697.
Gookin, J. L., A. J. Birkenheuer, E. B. Breitschwerdt, and M. G. Levy. 2002. Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(11): 4126-4130.
Gookin, J. L., M. E. Stebbins, E. Hunt, K. Burlone, M. Fulton, R. Hochel, M. Talaat, M. Poore, and M. G. Levy. 2004. Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and giardia infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(6): 2707-2710.
Gookin, J. L., K. Hanrahan, and M. G. Levy. 2017. The conundrum of feline Trichomonosis. J. Feline Med. Surg. 19(3): 261-274.
Gruffydd-Jones, T., D. Addie, S. Belák, C. Boucraut-Baralon, H. Egberink, T. Frymus, K. Hartmann, M. J. Hosie, A. Lloret, H. Lutz, F. Marsilio, K. Möstl, M. G. Pennisi, A. D. Radford, E. Thiry, U. Truyen, and M. C. Horzinek. 2013. Giardiasis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J. Feline Med. Surg. 15(7): 650-652.
Gunn-Moore, D. A., T. M. McCann, N. Reed, K. E. Simpson, and B. Tennant. 2007. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the UK. J. Feline Med. Surg. 9(3): 214-218.
Hale, S., J. M. Norris, and J. Slapeta. 2009. Prolonged resilience of Tritrichomonas foetus in cat faeces at ambient temperature. Vet. Parasitol. 166(1-2): 60-65.
Holliday, M., D. Deni, and D. A. Gunn-Moore. 2009. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in a rescue colony in Italy. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11(2): 131-134.
Hosein, A., S. A. Kruth, D. L. Pearl, D. Richardson, J. C. Maggs, H. A. Peach, and A. S. Peregrine. 2013. Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in southern Ontario. J. Feline Med. Surg. 15(8): 706-711.
Köster, L. S., C. Chow, and C. Yao. 2015. Trichomonosis in cats with diarrhoea in Hong Kong, China, between 2009 and 2014. JFMS Open Rep. Dec 28;1(2):2055116915623561.
Kuehner, K. A., S. L. Marks, P. H. Kass, C. Sauter-Louis, R. A. Grahn, D. Barutzki, and K. Hartmann. 2011. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. J. Feline Med. Surg. 13(4):251-8.
Levy, M. G., J. L. Gookin, M. Poore, A. J. Birkenheuer, M. J. Dykstra, and R. W. Litaker. 2003. Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea. J. Parasitol. 89(1): 99-104.
Lun, Z. R., X. G. Chen, X. Q. Zhu, X. R. Li, and M. Q. Xie. 2005. Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol. 21(3): 122-125.
Manning, K. 2010. Update on the diagnosis and management of Tritrichomonas foetus infections in cats. Top Companion Anim. Med. 25(3): 145-148.
Morin-Adeline, V., S. T. Fraser, C.Stack, and J. Šlapeta. 2015. Host origin determines pH tolerance of Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from the feline gastrointestinal and bovine urogenital tracts. Exp. Parasitol. 157: 68-77.
Mostegl, M. M., A. Wetscher, B. Richter, N. Nedorost, N., Dinhopl, and H. Weissenböck. 2012. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in intestinal tissue specimens of cats by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Vet. Parasitol. 183(3-4): 209-2214.
Mueller, K., V. Morin-Adeline, K. Gilchrist, G. Brown, and J. Šlapeta. 2015. High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus 'bovine genotype' in faecal samples from domestic pigs at a farm where bovine trichomonosis has not been reported for over 30 years. Vet. Parasitol. 212(3-4): 105-110.
Okafor, C. C., L. G. Strickland, B. M. Jones, S. Kania, D. E. Anderson, and B. K. Whitlock. 2017. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in tennessee bulls. Vet. Parasitol. 243: 169-175.
Ondrak, J. D. 2016. Tritrichomonas foetus Prevention and Control in Cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 32(2): 411-423.
Pazzini, L., L. Mugnaini, F. Mancianti, and L. Ressel. 2018. Tritrichomonas foetus and Mycoplasma felis coinfection in the upper respiratory tract of a cat with chronic purulent nasal discharge. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 47(2): 294-296.
Rosypal, A. C., A. Ripley, H. D. Stockdale Walden, B. L. Blagburn, D. C. Grant, and D. S. Lindsay. 2012. Survival of a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus in water, cat urine, cat food and cat litter. Vet. Parasitol. 185(2-4): 279-281.
Shi, Y., W. Jiang, Z. Ma, and Y. Qiu. 2017. A case report of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig. BMC Vet. Res. 23(1): 348.
Slapeta, J., S. Craig, D. McDonell, and D. Emery. 2010. Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct. Exp. Parasitol. 126(2): 209-213.
Stockdale, H., S. Rodning, M. Givens, D. Carpenter, S. Lenz, J. Spencer, C. Dykstra, D. Lindsay, and B. Blagburn. 2007. Experimental infection of cattle with a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus. J. Parasitol. 93(6): 1429-1434.
Stockdale, H. D., A. R. Dillon, J. C. Newton, R. C. Bird, R. H. Bondurant, P. Deinnocentes, S. Barney, J. Bulter, T. Land, J. A. Spencer, D. S. Lindsay, and B. L. Blagburn. 2008. Experimental infection of cats (Felis catus) with Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from cattle. Vet Parasitol. 154(1-2): 156-161.
Tachezy, J., R. Tachezy, V. Hampl, M. Sedinová, S. Vanacová, M. Vrlík, M. Van Ranst, J. Flegr, and J. Kuldaa. 2002. Cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49(2): 154-163.
Tolbert, M. K. and J. L. Gookin. 2016. Mechanisms of Tritrichomonas foetus Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 30(2): 516-526.
Tysnes, K., B. Gjerde, A. Nødtvedt, and E. Skancke. 2011. A cross-sectional study of Tritrichomonas foetus infection among healthy cats at shows in Norway. Acta. Vet. Scand. 20(53): 39.
Van der Saag, M., D. McDonell, and J. Slapeta, J. 2011. Cat genotype Tritrichomonas foetus survives passage through the alimentary tract of two common slug species. Vet. Parasitol. 177(3-4): 262-266.
Xenoulis, P. G., D. J. Lopinski, S. A. Read, J. S. Suchodolski, and J. M. Steiner. 2013. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats: a retrospective study of 104 cases. J. Feline Med Surg. 15(12): 1098-1103.
Yao, C. and L. S. Köster. 2015. Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet. Res. 19(46): 35.
Zanzani, S. A., A. L. Gazzonis, P. Scarpa, E. Olivieri, H. J. Balzer, and M. T. Manfredi. 2016. Coinfection with Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia duodenalis in Two Cats with Chronic Diarrhea. Case Rep. Vet. Med. Sep 6;2016:5705168.
Bissett, S. A., M. L. Stone, R. Malik, J. M. Norris, C. O'Brien, C. S. Mansfield, J. M. Nicholls, A. Griffin, and J. L. Gookin. 2009. Observed occurrence of Tritrichomonas foetus and other enteric parasites in Australian cattery and shelter cats. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11(10): 803-807.
Ceplecha, V., M. Svoboda, I. Cepička, R. Husník, K. Horáčková, and V. Svobodová. 2013. InPouch™ TF-Feline medium is not specific for Tritrichomonas foetus. Vet. Parasitol. 196(3-4): 503-505.
Cobo, E. R., D. Cano, and C. M. Campero. 2001. Experimental infection with Tritrichomonas suis in heifers. Vet. Parasitol. 99(1): 73-78.
Dahlgren, S. S., B. Gjerde, and H. Y. Pettersen. 2007. First record of natural Tritrichomonas foetus infection of the feline uterus. J. Small Anim. Pract. 48(11): 654-657.
Doi, J., J. Hirota, A. Morita, K. Fukushima, H. Kamijyo, H. Ohta, M. Yamasaki, T. Takahashi, K. Katakura, and Y. Oku. 2012. Intestinal Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) infection in Japanese cats. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 74(4): 413-417.
Doi, J., N. Abe, and Y. Oku. 2013. Molecular survey of Tritrichomonas suis (=T. foetus) 'cat' and 'cattle' genotypes in pigs in Japan. J. Vet. Med. Sci. 75(4): 475-479.
Fitzgerald, P. R., A. E. Johnson, J. L. Thorne, and D. M. Hammond. 1958. Experimental infections of the bovine genital system with trichomonads from the digestive tracts of swine. Am. J. Vet. Res. 19(73): 775-779.
Gookin, J. L., M. G. Levy, J. M. Law, M. G. Papich, M. F. Poore, and E. B. Breitschwerdt. 2001. Experimental infection of cats with Tritrichomonas foetus. Am. J. Vet. Res. 62(11): 1690-1697.
Gookin, J. L., A. J. Birkenheuer, E. B. Breitschwerdt, and M. G. Levy. 2002. Single-tube nested PCR for detection of Tritrichomonas foetus in feline feces. J. Clin. Microbiol. 40(11): 4126-4130.
Gookin, J. L., M. E. Stebbins, E. Hunt, K. Burlone, M. Fulton, R. Hochel, M. Talaat, M. Poore, and M. G. Levy. 2004. Prevalence of and risk factors for feline Tritrichomonas foetus and giardia infection. J. Clin. Microbiol. 42(6): 2707-2710.
Gookin, J. L., K. Hanrahan, and M. G. Levy. 2017. The conundrum of feline Trichomonosis. J. Feline Med. Surg. 19(3): 261-274.
Gruffydd-Jones, T., D. Addie, S. Belák, C. Boucraut-Baralon, H. Egberink, T. Frymus, K. Hartmann, M. J. Hosie, A. Lloret, H. Lutz, F. Marsilio, K. Möstl, M. G. Pennisi, A. D. Radford, E. Thiry, U. Truyen, and M. C. Horzinek. 2013. Giardiasis in cats: ABCD guidelines on prevention and management. J. Feline Med. Surg. 15(7): 650-652.
Gunn-Moore, D. A., T. M. McCann, N. Reed, K. E. Simpson, and B. Tennant. 2007. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in the UK. J. Feline Med. Surg. 9(3): 214-218.
Hale, S., J. M. Norris, and J. Slapeta. 2009. Prolonged resilience of Tritrichomonas foetus in cat faeces at ambient temperature. Vet. Parasitol. 166(1-2): 60-65.
Holliday, M., D. Deni, and D. A. Gunn-Moore. 2009. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats with diarrhoea in a rescue colony in Italy. J. Feline Med. Surg. 11(2): 131-134.
Hosein, A., S. A. Kruth, D. L. Pearl, D. Richardson, J. C. Maggs, H. A. Peach, and A. S. Peregrine. 2013. Isolation of Tritrichomonas foetus from cats sampled at a cat clinic, cat shows and a humane society in southern Ontario. J. Feline Med. Surg. 15(8): 706-711.
Köster, L. S., C. Chow, and C. Yao. 2015. Trichomonosis in cats with diarrhoea in Hong Kong, China, between 2009 and 2014. JFMS Open Rep. Dec 28;1(2):2055116915623561.
Kuehner, K. A., S. L. Marks, P. H. Kass, C. Sauter-Louis, R. A. Grahn, D. Barutzki, and K. Hartmann. 2011. Tritrichomonas foetus infection in purebred cats in Germany: prevalence of clinical signs and the role of co-infection with other enteroparasites. J. Feline Med. Surg. 13(4):251-8.
Levy, M. G., J. L. Gookin, M. Poore, A. J. Birkenheuer, M. J. Dykstra, and R. W. Litaker. 2003. Tritrichomonas foetus and not Pentatrichomonas hominis is the etiologic agent of feline trichomonal diarrhea. J. Parasitol. 89(1): 99-104.
Lun, Z. R., X. G. Chen, X. Q. Zhu, X. R. Li, and M. Q. Xie. 2005. Are Tritrichomonas foetus and Tritrichomonas suis synonyms? Trends Parasitol. 21(3): 122-125.
Manning, K. 2010. Update on the diagnosis and management of Tritrichomonas foetus infections in cats. Top Companion Anim. Med. 25(3): 145-148.
Morin-Adeline, V., S. T. Fraser, C.Stack, and J. Šlapeta. 2015. Host origin determines pH tolerance of Tritrichomonas foetus isolates from the feline gastrointestinal and bovine urogenital tracts. Exp. Parasitol. 157: 68-77.
Mostegl, M. M., A. Wetscher, B. Richter, N. Nedorost, N., Dinhopl, and H. Weissenböck. 2012. Detection of Tritrichomonas foetus and Pentatrichomonas hominis in intestinal tissue specimens of cats by chromogenic in situ hybridization. Vet. Parasitol. 183(3-4): 209-2214.
Mueller, K., V. Morin-Adeline, K. Gilchrist, G. Brown, and J. Šlapeta. 2015. High prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus 'bovine genotype' in faecal samples from domestic pigs at a farm where bovine trichomonosis has not been reported for over 30 years. Vet. Parasitol. 212(3-4): 105-110.
Okafor, C. C., L. G. Strickland, B. M. Jones, S. Kania, D. E. Anderson, and B. K. Whitlock. 2017. Prevalence of Tritrichomonas foetus in tennessee bulls. Vet. Parasitol. 243: 169-175.
Ondrak, J. D. 2016. Tritrichomonas foetus Prevention and Control in Cattle. Vet. Clin. North Am. Food Anim. Pract. 32(2): 411-423.
Pazzini, L., L. Mugnaini, F. Mancianti, and L. Ressel. 2018. Tritrichomonas foetus and Mycoplasma felis coinfection in the upper respiratory tract of a cat with chronic purulent nasal discharge. Vet. Clin. Pathol. 47(2): 294-296.
Rosypal, A. C., A. Ripley, H. D. Stockdale Walden, B. L. Blagburn, D. C. Grant, and D. S. Lindsay. 2012. Survival of a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus in water, cat urine, cat food and cat litter. Vet. Parasitol. 185(2-4): 279-281.
Shi, Y., W. Jiang, Z. Ma, and Y. Qiu. 2017. A case report of pulmonary tritrichomonosis in a pig. BMC Vet. Res. 23(1): 348.
Slapeta, J., S. Craig, D. McDonell, and D. Emery. 2010. Tritrichomonas foetus from domestic cats and cattle are genetically distinct. Exp. Parasitol. 126(2): 209-213.
Stockdale, H., S. Rodning, M. Givens, D. Carpenter, S. Lenz, J. Spencer, C. Dykstra, D. Lindsay, and B. Blagburn. 2007. Experimental infection of cattle with a feline isolate of Tritrichomonas foetus. J. Parasitol. 93(6): 1429-1434.
Stockdale, H. D., A. R. Dillon, J. C. Newton, R. C. Bird, R. H. Bondurant, P. Deinnocentes, S. Barney, J. Bulter, T. Land, J. A. Spencer, D. S. Lindsay, and B. L. Blagburn. 2008. Experimental infection of cats (Felis catus) with Tritrichomonas foetus isolated from cattle. Vet Parasitol. 154(1-2): 156-161.
Tachezy, J., R. Tachezy, V. Hampl, M. Sedinová, S. Vanacová, M. Vrlík, M. Van Ranst, J. Flegr, and J. Kuldaa. 2002. Cattle pathogen Tritrichomonas foetus (Riedmüller, 1928) and pig commensal Tritrichomonas suis (Gruby & Delafond, 1843) belong to the same species. J. Eukaryot. Microbiol. 49(2): 154-163.
Tolbert, M. K. and J. L. Gookin. 2016. Mechanisms of Tritrichomonas foetus Pathogenicity in Cats with Insights from Venereal Trichomonosis. J. Vet. Intern. Med. 30(2): 516-526.
Tysnes, K., B. Gjerde, A. Nødtvedt, and E. Skancke. 2011. A cross-sectional study of Tritrichomonas foetus infection among healthy cats at shows in Norway. Acta. Vet. Scand. 20(53): 39.
Van der Saag, M., D. McDonell, and J. Slapeta, J. 2011. Cat genotype Tritrichomonas foetus survives passage through the alimentary tract of two common slug species. Vet. Parasitol. 177(3-4): 262-266.
Xenoulis, P. G., D. J. Lopinski, S. A. Read, J. S. Suchodolski, and J. M. Steiner. 2013. Intestinal Tritrichomonas foetus infection in cats: a retrospective study of 104 cases. J. Feline Med Surg. 15(12): 1098-1103.
Yao, C. and L. S. Köster. 2015. Tritrichomonas foetus infection, a cause of chronic diarrhea in the domestic cat. Vet. Res. 19(46): 35.
Zanzani, S. A., A. L. Gazzonis, P. Scarpa, E. Olivieri, H. J. Balzer, and M. T. Manfredi. 2016. Coinfection with Tritrichomonas foetus and Giardia duodenalis in Two Cats with Chronic Diarrhea. Case Rep. Vet. Med. Sep 6;2016:5705168.