The Effects of Self-guided Cognitive Behavioral Modification Program on Self-esteem and Depression of Elders with Major Depressive Disorder

Main Article Content

Siranya Rodcharoen
Vineekarn Kongsuwan
Weena Chanchong

Abstract

          Purpose: To study the effects of a self-guided cognitive behavioral modification program on self-esteem and depression of elders with major depressive disorder.


          Design: quasi-experimental research: pretest-posttest control group design.


          Methods: Participants comprised 60 elders with major depressive disorder who were outpatients at the geriatric psychiatry clinic, Suansaranrom Hospital. They were selected using convenience sampling, and assigned to the experimental group (n = 30) receiving the self-guided cognitive behavioral modification program and the control group (n = 30) receiving usual care. The research instruments consisted of (1) Demographic questionnaire, (2) Self–esteem Scale, (3) Thai Geriatric Depression Scale, and (4) The Self-guided Cognitive Behavioral Modification Program. Each participant attended three sessions conducted over a total duration of four weeks. The reliability of the Self–esteem Scale was tested using Cronbach’s alpha Coefficient at .85 and the Thai Geriatric Depression Scale was tested using Kuder-Richardson 20 at .87 and were analyzed using paired t-test and independent t-test.


           Main findings: The results revealed that after receiving the program the experimental group had a higher mean score of self-esteem (p < .001) and a lower mean score of depression (p < .001) than that before participating the program. When compared to the control group, a higher mean score of self-esteem (p < .001) and a lower mean score of depression (p = .005) were significantly found in the experimental group.


           Conclusion and recommendations: The finding showed that the self-guided cognitive behavioral modification program could increase self-esteem and decrease depression of elders with major depressive disorder. Therefore, nurses should utilize the program to enhance self-esteem and decrease depression symptoms of elders with major depressive disorder.

Article Details

How to Cite
Rodcharoen, S., Kongsuwan, V., & Chanchong, W. (2019). The Effects of Self-guided Cognitive Behavioral Modification Program on Self-esteem and Depression of Elders with Major Depressive Disorder. Nursing Science Journal of Thailand, 37(3), 91–106. Retrieved from https://he02.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/ns/article/view/199127
Section
Research Papers

References

1. World Health Organization. Depression: let’s talk [Internet]. Bangkok: Department of Mental Health; 2018 [cited 2018 Jan 20]. Available from: http://www.searo.who.int/thailand/news/technical-factsheet-depression-thai.pdf?ua=1. (in Thai).

2. World Health Organization. Depression and other common mental disorders: global health estimates [Internet]. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization; 2017 [cited 2018 Jan 20]. Available from: https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/254610/WHO-MSD-MER-2017.2-eng.pdf.

3. International Health Policy Program. Disability-adjusted life year: DALY. Nonthaburi: The Graphic Systems; 2015. 53 p. (in Thai).

4. The Excellence Center for Depression Disorder in Thailand. Report of access to services for patients with major depressive disorder [Internet]. Ubon Ratchathani: Prasrimahabhodi Psychiatric Hospital; 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 24]. Available from: http://www.thaidepression.com/www/report/main_report/ (in Thai).

5. Suansaranrom Psychiatic Hospital. Document summary of the annual performance of the agency. Surat Thani: Statistics and Medical Records; 2017. 45 p. (in Thai).

6. Naka K, Saengchan H, editors. Adult and elderly nursing 1. Vol. 3. 1st ed. Songkhla; Neo Point (1995); 2016. 275 p. (in Thai).

7. Yaiyong O, Lueboonthavatchai P. Depression and grief of the elderly at the elderly associate in Nonthaburi Province. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand. 2011;56(2):117-28. (in Thai).

8. Wongpoom T, Sukying C, Udomsubpayakul U. Prevalence of depression among the elderly in Chiang Mai Province. Journal of the Psychiatric Association of Thailand. 2012;56(2):103-16. (in Thai).

9. Beck JS. Cognitive behavior therapy: basics and beyond. 2nd ed. New York, NY: Guilford Press; 2011. 391 p.

10. Liwan U. Nursing of elderly with depression. In: Elderly nursing: neurological problems and others. 3rd ed. Bangkok; Bunsiri Printing; 2009. p.29-46. (in Thai).

11. Department of Mental Health. Report on the number of suicides in Thailand [Internet]. Nonthaburi: Department of Mental Health; 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.dmh.go.th/report/suicide/age.asp. (in Thai).

12. National Suicide Prevention Center, Khon Kaen Rajanagarindra Psychiatric Hospital. Thailand suicide rate report [Internet]. Khon Kaen: National Suicide Prevention Center; 2017 [cited 2017 Dec 24]. Available from: https://www.suicidethai.com/web_suicide/index.php/viewnew/form/detail_id/391. (in Thai).

13. Sripeng U. The effect of supportive psychotherapy with participating family on depressive symptoms elderly patients with major depressive disorder [master’s thesis]. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University; 2012. 178 p. (in Thai).

14. Puttametta M, Soonthornchaiya R. Selected factors related to depression of the older persons with depressive disorder in the central region. The Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health. 2016;30(2):69-82. (in Thai).

15. Wongpakaran N. Depression in the elderly. In: Arunpongphaisan S, Vasikananon S, editors. Depressive disorder textbook. 1st ed. Khon Kaen: Khlang Nana Wittaya; 2015. p.421-39. (in Thai).

16. KitSambant W, Ta Pinta D, Phichiensathien W. Effects of therapy by adjusting thoughts and behaviors on depression in the elderly: literature review. Nursing Journal. 2017;44(1):161-71. (in Thai).

17. Longchoopol C, Hanrungchrotorn U. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy program on elderly people with depression. Journal of Nursing and Health Sciences. 2011;5(1):80-90. (in Thai).

18. Sangsai W, Soonthornchaiya R. Effects of cognitive behavioral therapy on depression and functioning of elderly patients with depression. The Journal of Psychiatric Nursing and Mental Health. 2014;28(3):104-16. (in Thai).

19. Richards D, Timulak L, Doherty G, Sharry J, Colla A, Joyce C, et al. Internet-delivered treatment: its potential as a low-intensity community intervention for adults with symptoms of depression: protocol for a randomized controlled trial. BMC Psychiatry. 2014;14:147.

20. Thapinta D, Skulphan S, Kitsumbun V, Longchoopol C. Cognitive behavior therapy self-help booklet to decrease depression and alcohol use among people with alcohol dependence in Thailand. Issues Ment Health Nurs. 2017:38(11);964-70.

21. Ratana-Ubol A. Learning of adults and the elderly in Thai society. Bangkok: Chulalongkorn University Printing House; 2016. 164 p. (in Thai).

22. Mahasitiwat Y. The relationship between perception of bio-psychosocial change, self esteem and health behavior of the elderly in Amphur Maung, Saraburee Province [master’s thesis]. Bangkok: Mahidol University; 1986. 152 p. (in Thai).

23. Train The Brain Forum Thailand. Thai Geriatric Depression Scal: TGDS. Siriraj Medical Journal. 1994;46(1):1-9. (in Thai).

24. Rosenberg M. Conceiving the self. 1st ed. New York: Basic Books; 1979. 319 p.

25. Khumsan B. The effects of cognitive behavior therapy on self-esteem of children with learning disorders [master’s thesis]. Bangkok: Ramkhamhaeng University; 2013. 168 p. (in Thai).