Development of the Causal Model of Career Success for Cooperative Education Graduates: A Review of Literature
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55766/ZZYT5475Keywords:
Career Success, Cooperative Education, Causal ModelAbstract
The purpose of this study was to develop the causal model of career success for cooperative education graduates. This study was conducted by using a literature review and document analysis of secondary data. The results indicated that the structural model consists of 5 exogenous variables (human capital, occupational self-efficacy, cooperative education experience, organizational sponsorship, and work-family balance) and 2 endogenous variables (objective career success and subjective career success). All of the exogenous variables had a direct effect on objective career success and subjective career success. Besides, all of the exogenous variables had an indirect effect on subjective career success through objective career success.
References
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Abu, A.-M., Roziah, S., Rasdi, M., Abu, B., Abu, S., Silong, D., & Sulaiman, S. (2015). A career success model for academics at Malaysian Research Universities. European Journal of Training and Development. 39: 1-28.
Agha, K., Azmi, F., & Irfan, A. (2017). Work-life balance and job satisfaction: An empirical study focusing on Higher Education Teachers in Oman. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 7(3): 164-171.
Ahmed, H. (2014). Examine the relationship between work family conflict and its impact on job satisfaction leading to turnover. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 16(7): 73-78.
Al-Balam, N. M., & Raza, S. A. (2009). Impact of family responsibilities on career success among employees working in the semi-government sector in the state of Qatar. International Journal Arab Culture, Management and Sustainable Development. 1(2): 208-223.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 5(2): 278-309.
Alzyoud, A. A. (2017). The predictors of career success. International Review of Management and Marketing. 7(2): 22-26.
Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior. (26): 177-202.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). San Diago: Academic Press.
Bhowon, U. (2013). Role salience, work-family conflict and satisfaction of dual-earner couples. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly. 5(2): 78-90.
Boudreau, J. W., & Boswell, W. R. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United Stated and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58: 53-81.
Business dictionary. (2017). Human capital [On-line]. Available: http://www.businessdictionary.com/ definition/human-capital.html
Butt, M., Hu , B., Shafi, K., & Malik, B. H. (2015). The negative relationship between work family conflict and career satisfaction and the role of individual differences. International Journal of Academic Research in
Business and Social Sciences. 5(8): 102-113.
Chen, Y.-N. K. (2011). Social capital, human capital, and career success in public relations in Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Communication. 1-26.
Chu, F., Ye, L., & Guo, M. (2015). Research on the evaluation indicators of skilled employees’ career success based on grounded theory. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. 8(2): 554-566.
Chuawanlee, W. (1999). Perceived self-efficacy. In Srinakharinwirot University, Encylopedia of Education (pp. 29-37). Bangkok: Srinakharinwirot University.
Dai, L., & Song, F. (2016). Subjective career success: A literature review and prospect. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies. 4: 238-242.
Daut, A., Mohd Mokhtar, S. S., & Pangil, F. (2014). Attainment of capital and competency towards instrinsic career success. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research. 2(1): 1-13.
Day, R., & Allen, T. D. (2004). The relationship between career motivation and self-efficacy with protege career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 64: 72-91.
Dries, N., Pepermans, R., & Carlier, O. (2008). Career success: Constructing a multidimensional model. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 73: 254-267.
Dubick, R. A., Mcnerney, R. B., & Potts, B. K. (1996). Career success and student satisfaction: A study of computer science cooperative education graduates. Journal of Cooperative Education. 32(1): 66-74.
Dyke, L., & Duxbury, L. (2011). The implications of subjective career success. Zeitschrift fur Arbeitsmarkt Forschung (ZAF). 43: 219-229.
Fleming , J., & Eames, C. (2005). Student learning in relation to the structure of the cooperative experience. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education. 6(2): 26-31.
Fulei, C., Long, Y., & Ming, G. (2014). From career completency to skilled employees’ career success in China: The moderating effects of perceived organizational support. Pakistan Journal of Statistics. 30(5): 737-750.
Gault, J., Redington, J., & Schlager, T. (2000). Undergraduate business internships and career success: Are they related? Journal of Marketing Education. 22(1): 45-53.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 63: 510-531.
Guo, W., Xiao, H., & Yang, X. (2012). An empirical research on the correlation between human capital and career success of knowledge workers in enterprise. Physics Procedia. 715-725.
Hirschi, A., & Jaensch, V. K. (2015). Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences. 77: 205-208.
Johnson, C. D., & Eby, L. T. (2011). Evaluating career success on African American males: It’s what you know and who you are that matters. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 79: 699-709.
Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1994). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Working Paper Series. 1-39.
Lehmann, L. (2014). Autonomy and work-life balance and their effects on job. Utrecht: Utrecht University.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. A. Brown, Career choice and development (4ed., pp. 255-311). San francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, J.-Y., Yang, J.-P., Yang, y., & Liu, Y.-h. (2015). The relationships among perceived organizational support, intention to remain, career success and self-esteem in Chinese male nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2(4): 389-393.
Luapong, P. (2012). The Competency Development of Human Resource (In Thai). Executive journal. 32(4): 103-108.
Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. (2015). Resilience in the modern career. Career Development International. 20(4): 363-383.
Mulhall, S. (2011). CSI: Career Success Investigation. Irish Journal of Management. 30(2): 67-93.
Ng, T. W., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A mata-analysis. Personnel Psychology. 58: 367-408.
Orser, B., & Leck, J. (2010). Gender influences on career success outcomes. Gender in Management: An International Journal. 25(5): 386-407.
Pinkesorn, K., Kittisaknawin, C., & Kongklai, C. (2017). Human capital: Corporate human capital scorecard (in Thai). Journal of graduate studies Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University. 11(2): 193-202.
Poon, J. M., Briscoe, J. P., Absul-Ghani, R., & Jones, E. A. (2015). Maening and determinant of career success: A Malaysian perspective. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 21-29.
Rani, S., Kamalanabhanb, & Selvarania. (2011). Work/life balance reflections on employee satisfaction. Serbian Journal of Management. 6(1): 85 - 96.
Rasdi, M. R., Ismail, M., & Garavan, T. N. (2011). Predicting Malaysian managers’ objective and subjective career success. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 1-22.
Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008). A Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and Construct Validity Across Five Countries. Journal of Career Assessment. 16(2): 238–255.
Riordan, S., & Louw-Potgieter, J. (2011). Career success of women academics in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology. 41(2): 157-172.
Rubio, D. M., Primax, B. A., Switzer, G. E., Bryce, C. L., Selzer, D. L., & Kapoor, W. N. (2011). A comprehensive career-success model for Physician-Scientist. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 86(12): 1574-1576.
Sandberg, S. L. (1985). Analysis of selected variables related to participation in cooperative education by vocational office occupations program completers in Michigan for the years 1978 through 1981 [On-line]. Available: https://search. proquest.com/docview/303347526
Sherer, M., Muddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Frentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The selfefficacy scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports. 51: 663-671.
Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L. F., & Dullaghan, T. R. (2015). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1-27.
Sonnenfeld, J., & Kotter, J. P. (1982). The maturation of career theory. Human Relations. 35(1): 19-46.
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2011). Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary. Journal of Business and Psychology. 26: 87-103.
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2014). Synchronous and time-lagged effects between occupational self-efficacy and objective and subjective career success: Findings from a four-wave and 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 84: 119-132.
Srisa-an, W., Suebkha, P., Pitiyanuwat, S., Yamnoon, S., Polnigongit, W., Ruksasuk, N., Sirijeerachai, G., Wichitsathian, B., Siriyothin, P., Sookkumnerd, T., Teekachunhatean, T., & Yimnirun, R. (2014). The body of knowledge of cooperative education (In Thai). Thai Journal of Cooperative Education. 2(1): 1-85.
Stumpf, S. A., & Tymon Jr., W. G. (2012). The effects of objective career success on subsequent subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 81: 343-353.
Sultana, R., Yousaf, A., Khan, I., & Saeed, A. (2016). Probing the interactive effects of career commitment and emotional intelligence on perceived objective/subjective career success. Personnel Review. 45(4): 724-742.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (1996). Annual Report 1995 (In Thai & English). Nakhon Ratchasima: Planning Division, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2013a). Suranaree University of Technology’s Cooperative Education Development (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree Univesity of Technology [SUT]. (2013b). Self assessment report, Academic year 2012 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2014). Self assessment report, Academic year 2013 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2015). Self assessment report, Academic year 2014 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2016). Self assessment report, Academic year 2015 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2017, June 22). Suranaree University of Technology’s Graduates, batch 1 to 20 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Educational Services, SUT.
Tasdelen-Karckay, A., & Bakalim, O. (2017). The mediating effect of work-life balance on the relationship between work-family conflict and life satisfaction. Australian Journal of Career Development. 26(1): 3-13.
Thomsen, P. J. L. (1997). The Relationship between work experience during college and subsequent employment in high-technology firms [On-line]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/ pqdtglobal/ docview/304323964/9B7A9809DF4547FEPQ/1?accountid=28756.
Thudam, P. (2014). Career advancement model for woman civil servants in Thai public organization. (In Thai). Songkha: Prince of Songkha University.
Thurairajah, K. (2013). Work family conflict and its impact on career and relation to gender. European Journal of Business and Management. 5(30): 1-12.
Vickers, N. W. (1990). A comparison of the starting pay of cooperative education graduates with that of non-cooperative education graduates [On-line]. Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext /ED349455.pdf
Volmer, J., & Spurk, D. (2011). Protean and boundaryless career attitudes: relationships with subjective and objective career success. Zeitschrift fur Arbeitsmarkt Forschung (ZAF). 43: 207-218.
Yu, C. (2011). Chiese knowledge employees’ career values, perceived organizational support and career success. iBusiness. 3: 274-282.
Zhou, W., Sun, J., Guan, Y., Li, Y., & Pan, J. (2012). Criteria of career success among Chinese employee: Developing a multidimensional scale with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Journal of Career Assessment. 21(2): 265-277.
Abu, A.-M., Roziah, S., Rasdi, M., Abu, B., Abu, S., Silong, D., & Sulaiman, S. (2015). A career success model for academics at Malaysian Research Universities. European Journal of Training and Development. 39: 1-28.
Agha, K., Azmi, F., & Irfan, A. (2017). Work-life balance and job satisfaction: An empirical study focusing on Higher Education Teachers in Oman. International Journal of Social Science and Humanity. 7(3): 164-171.
Ahmed, H. (2014). Examine the relationship between work family conflict and its impact on job satisfaction leading to turnover. IOSR Journal of Business and Management. 16(7): 73-78.
Al-Balam, N. M., & Raza, S. A. (2009). Impact of family responsibilities on career success among employees working in the semi-government sector in the state of Qatar. International Journal Arab Culture, Management and Sustainable Development. 1(2): 208-223.
Allen, T. D., Herst, D. L., Bruck, C. S., & Sutton, M. (2000). Consequences associated with work-to-family conflict: A review and agenda for future research. Journal of Occupational Health Psychology. 5(2): 278-309.
Alzyoud, A. A. (2017). The predictors of career success. International Review of Management and Marketing. 7(2): 22-26.
Arthur, M. B., Khapova, S. N., & Wilderom, C. P. (2005). Career success in a boundaryless career world. Journal of Organizational Behavior. (26): 177-202.
Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy. In V. S. Ramachaudran (Ed.), Encyclopedia of human behavior (Vol. 4, pp. 71-81). San Diago: Academic Press.
Bhowon, U. (2013). Role salience, work-family conflict and satisfaction of dual-earner couples. Journal of Business Studies Quarterly. 5(2): 78-90.
Boudreau, J. W., & Boswell, W. R. (2001). Effects of personality on executive career success in the United Stated and Europe. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 58: 53-81.
Business dictionary. (2017). Human capital [On-line]. Available: http://www.businessdictionary.com/ definition/human-capital.html
Butt, M., Hu , B., Shafi, K., & Malik, B. H. (2015). The negative relationship between work family conflict and career satisfaction and the role of individual differences. International Journal of Academic Research in
Business and Social Sciences. 5(8): 102-113.
Chen, Y.-N. K. (2011). Social capital, human capital, and career success in public relations in Taiwan. Chinese Journal of Communication. 1-26.
Chu, F., Ye, L., & Guo, M. (2015). Research on the evaluation indicators of skilled employees’ career success based on grounded theory. Journal of Industrial Engineering and Management. 8(2): 554-566.
Chuawanlee, W. (1999). Perceived self-efficacy. In Srinakharinwirot University, Encylopedia of Education (pp. 29-37). Bangkok: Srinakharinwirot University.
Dai, L., & Song, F. (2016). Subjective career success: A literature review and prospect. Journal of Human Resource and Sustainability Studies. 4: 238-242.
Daut, A., Mohd Mokhtar, S. S., & Pangil, F. (2014). Attainment of capital and competency towards instrinsic career success. Journal of Emerging Economies and Islamic Research. 2(1): 1-13.
Day, R., & Allen, T. D. (2004). The relationship between career motivation and self-efficacy with protege career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 64: 72-91.
Dries, N., Pepermans, R., & Carlier, O. (2008). Career success: Constructing a multidimensional model. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 73: 254-267.
Dubick, R. A., Mcnerney, R. B., & Potts, B. K. (1996). Career success and student satisfaction: A study of computer science cooperative education graduates. Journal of Cooperative Education. 32(1): 66-74.
Dyke, L., & Duxbury, L. (2011). The implications of subjective career success. Zeitschrift fur Arbeitsmarkt Forschung (ZAF). 43: 219-229.
Fleming , J., & Eames, C. (2005). Student learning in relation to the structure of the cooperative experience. Asia-Pacific Journal of Cooperative Education. 6(2): 26-31.
Fulei, C., Long, Y., & Ming, G. (2014). From career completency to skilled employees’ career success in China: The moderating effects of perceived organizational support. Pakistan Journal of Statistics. 30(5): 737-750.
Gault, J., Redington, J., & Schlager, T. (2000). Undergraduate business internships and career success: Are they related? Journal of Marketing Education. 22(1): 45-53.
Greenhaus, J. H., Collins, K. M., & Shaw, J. D. (2003). The relation between work-family balance and quality of life. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 63: 510-531.
Guo, W., Xiao, H., & Yang, X. (2012). An empirical research on the correlation between human capital and career success of knowledge workers in enterprise. Physics Procedia. 715-725.
Hirschi, A., & Jaensch, V. K. (2015). Narcissism and career success: Occupational self-efficacy and career engagement as mediators. Personality and Individual Differences. 77: 205-208.
Johnson, C. D., & Eby, L. T. (2011). Evaluating career success on African American males: It’s what you know and who you are that matters. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 79: 699-709.
Judge, T. A., Cable, D. M., Boudreau, J. W., & Bretz, R. D. (1994). An empirical investigation of the predictors of executive career success. Working Paper Series. 1-39.
Lehmann, L. (2014). Autonomy and work-life balance and their effects on job. Utrecht: Utrecht University.
Lent, R. W., Brown, S. D., & Hackett, G. (2002). Social cognitive career theory. In D. A. Brown, Career choice and development (4ed., pp. 255-311). San francisco, CA: John Wiley & Sons.
Liu, J.-Y., Yang, J.-P., Yang, y., & Liu, Y.-h. (2015). The relationships among perceived organizational support, intention to remain, career success and self-esteem in Chinese male nurses. International Journal of Nursing Sciences. 2(4): 389-393.
Luapong, P. (2012). The Competency Development of Human Resource (In Thai). Executive journal. 32(4): 103-108.
Lyons, S. T., Schweitzer, L., & Ng, E. S. (2015). Resilience in the modern career. Career Development International. 20(4): 363-383.
Mulhall, S. (2011). CSI: Career Success Investigation. Irish Journal of Management. 30(2): 67-93.
Ng, T. W., Eby, L. T., Sorensen, K. L., & Feldman, D. C. (2005). Predictors of objective and subjective career success: A mata-analysis. Personnel Psychology. 58: 367-408.
Orser, B., & Leck, J. (2010). Gender influences on career success outcomes. Gender in Management: An International Journal. 25(5): 386-407.
Pinkesorn, K., Kittisaknawin, C., & Kongklai, C. (2017). Human capital: Corporate human capital scorecard (in Thai). Journal of graduate studies Valaya Alongkorn Rajabhat University. 11(2): 193-202.
Poon, J. M., Briscoe, J. P., Absul-Ghani, R., & Jones, E. A. (2015). Maening and determinant of career success: A Malaysian perspective. Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology. 21-29.
Rani, S., Kamalanabhanb, & Selvarania. (2011). Work/life balance reflections on employee satisfaction. Serbian Journal of Management. 6(1): 85 - 96.
Rasdi, M. R., Ismail, M., & Garavan, T. N. (2011). Predicting Malaysian managers’ objective and subjective career success. The International Journal of Human Resource Management. 1-22.
Rigotti, T., Schyns, B., & Mohr, G. (2008). A Short Version of the Occupational Self-Efficacy Scale: Structural and Construct Validity Across Five Countries. Journal of Career Assessment. 16(2): 238–255.
Riordan, S., & Louw-Potgieter, J. (2011). Career success of women academics in South Africa. South African Journal of Psychology. 41(2): 157-172.
Rubio, D. M., Primax, B. A., Switzer, G. E., Bryce, C. L., Selzer, D. L., & Kapoor, W. N. (2011). A comprehensive career-success model for Physician-Scientist. Academic Medicine: Journal of the Association of American Medical Colleges. 86(12): 1574-1576.
Sandberg, S. L. (1985). Analysis of selected variables related to participation in cooperative education by vocational office occupations program completers in Michigan for the years 1978 through 1981 [On-line]. Available: https://search. proquest.com/docview/303347526
Sherer, M., Muddux, J. E., Mercandante, B., Frentice-Dunn, S., Jacobs, B., & Rogers, R. W. (1982). The selfefficacy scale: Construction and Validation. Psychological Reports. 51: 663-671.
Shockley, K. M., Ureksoy, H., Rodopman, O. B., Poteat, L. F., & Dullaghan, T. R. (2015). Development of a new scale to measure subjective career success: A mixed-methods study. Journal of Organizational Behavior. 1-27.
Sonnenfeld, J., & Kotter, J. P. (1982). The maturation of career theory. Human Relations. 35(1): 19-46.
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2011). Who earns more and why? A multiple mediation model from personality to salary. Journal of Business and Psychology. 26: 87-103.
Spurk, D., & Abele, A. E. (2014). Synchronous and time-lagged effects between occupational self-efficacy and objective and subjective career success: Findings from a four-wave and 9-year longitudinal study. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 84: 119-132.
Srisa-an, W., Suebkha, P., Pitiyanuwat, S., Yamnoon, S., Polnigongit, W., Ruksasuk, N., Sirijeerachai, G., Wichitsathian, B., Siriyothin, P., Sookkumnerd, T., Teekachunhatean, T., & Yimnirun, R. (2014). The body of knowledge of cooperative education (In Thai). Thai Journal of Cooperative Education. 2(1): 1-85.
Stumpf, S. A., & Tymon Jr., W. G. (2012). The effects of objective career success on subsequent subjective career success. Journal of Vocational Behavior. 81: 343-353.
Sultana, R., Yousaf, A., Khan, I., & Saeed, A. (2016). Probing the interactive effects of career commitment and emotional intelligence on perceived objective/subjective career success. Personnel Review. 45(4): 724-742.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (1996). Annual Report 1995 (In Thai & English). Nakhon Ratchasima: Planning Division, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2013a). Suranaree University of Technology’s Cooperative Education Development (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree Univesity of Technology [SUT]. (2013b). Self assessment report, Academic year 2012 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2014). Self assessment report, Academic year 2013 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2015). Self assessment report, Academic year 2014 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2016). Self assessment report, Academic year 2015 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Cooperative Education and Career Development, SUT.
Suranaree University of Technology [SUT]. (2017, June 22). Suranaree University of Technology’s Graduates, batch 1 to 20 (In Thai). Nakhon Ratchasima: The Center for Educational Services, SUT.
Tasdelen-Karckay, A., & Bakalim, O. (2017). The mediating effect of work-life balance on the relationship between work-family conflict and life satisfaction. Australian Journal of Career Development. 26(1): 3-13.
Thomsen, P. J. L. (1997). The Relationship between work experience during college and subsequent employment in high-technology firms [On-line]. Available: https://search.proquest.com/ pqdtglobal/ docview/304323964/9B7A9809DF4547FEPQ/1?accountid=28756.
Thudam, P. (2014). Career advancement model for woman civil servants in Thai public organization. (In Thai). Songkha: Prince of Songkha University.
Thurairajah, K. (2013). Work family conflict and its impact on career and relation to gender. European Journal of Business and Management. 5(30): 1-12.
Vickers, N. W. (1990). A comparison of the starting pay of cooperative education graduates with that of non-cooperative education graduates [On-line]. Available: https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext /ED349455.pdf
Volmer, J., & Spurk, D. (2011). Protean and boundaryless career attitudes: relationships with subjective and objective career success. Zeitschrift fur Arbeitsmarkt Forschung (ZAF). 43: 207-218.
Yu, C. (2011). Chiese knowledge employees’ career values, perceived organizational support and career success. iBusiness. 3: 274-282.
Zhou, W., Sun, J., Guan, Y., Li, Y., & Pan, J. (2012). Criteria of career success among Chinese employee: Developing a multidimensional scale with qualitative and quantitative approaches. Journal of Career Assessment. 21(2): 265-277.
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